In most people’s cognition, only sallow and emaciated, short stature and skinny bones are malnutrition, while the 2016 Global Nutrition Report released recently believes that malnutrition should also include obesity, diabetes, heart disease, hyperlipidemia and other nutrition-related chronic diseases. Moreover, the global malnutrition problem is particularly serious, which has become the biggest factor causing the global disease burden.

Then, what exactly is malnutrition, why obesity and diabetes are also malnutrition, and how can people correctly supplement nutrition in life? The reporter interviewedYou Xiangmei, Director of Nutrition Department, No.117 Hospital of PLA.

The global malnutrition problem is severe.

According to the 2016 Global Nutrition Report, the global nutrition report conducted research in 129 countries and found that one out of every three people in the world was malnourished.

The World Food and Agriculture Organization reported in 2013 that 923 million people in the world were undernourished in 2007; The World Health Organization reported in 2013 that malnutrition is the leading cause of child death worldwide, accounting for 45% of all child deaths; The Cancer Nutrition and Support Committee of China Anti-Cancer Association reported that the malnutrition rate of cancer patients in China was as high as 67%.

Malnutrition can be divided into two types.

Director You introduced that malnutrition usually refers to malnutrition caused by insufficient intake, malabsorption or excessive loss of nutrients, but it may also include overnutrition caused by overeating or excessive intake of specific nutrients. In other words, malnutrition includes undernutrition and overnutrition.

There are three forms of malnutrition: energy deficiency malnutrition, protein deficiency malnutrition and mixed malnutrition. The causes of malnutrition are improper feeding in infancy; Poor eating habits; Some diseases affect appetite, hinder food digestion and absorption, and increase the consumption of the body.

There are two typical symptoms of malnutrition.

1 emaciation type

Short stature, emaciation, loss of subcutaneous fat, weakness and fatigue in children caused by serious shortage of thermal energy.

2 edema type

It is caused by the serious lack of protein, with edema all over, dry and atrophied skin, fragile hair, loss of appetite, large liver and frequent diarrhea.

Overnutrition is actually another "malnutrition symptom". Due to the improvement of living standards, people tend to choose meat or high-fat food, as well as exquisite and sweet food, and the intake of high-fiber food is too small, which leads to overnutrition.

Why do chronic diseases such as diabetes and heart disease belong to malnutrition?

Director You explained that people are no longer facing food shortage, but food quality problems. Many people think they are full, but in fact they are in a state of "latent hunger". They lack necessary trace elements, such as iron, vitamin A and iodine, so their health is not good. Many people suffer from diseases such as heart disease, stroke and diabetes due to long-term nutritional imbalance.

Furthermore, many people are getting less and less exercise, but they are eating more and more fast food or processed food, which is often too high in calories and lacks other nutrients.

Xinhua News Agency, Changsha, September 27th (Reporter Shi Weiyan) On the 27th, an ultra-large diameter shield machine with the largest excavation diameter of 16.07m was rolled off the production line in Changsha No.1 Industrial Park of China Railway Construction Heavy Industry Group. This shield machine is 150 meters long and weighs 4300 tons, which is the largest diameter shield machine developed in China so far.

The 16m super-large diameter shield machine jointly developed by China Railway Construction Heavy Industry Group and China Railway 14th Bureau Group is named "Jinghua" and will participate in the reconstruction project of Beijing East Sixth Ring Road after leaving the factory. The reporter saw at the scene that the "Jinghua" is like a steel giant lying workshop, with a height of more than 5 floors. The knife head painting extracts visual elements from Peking Opera masks, and its appearance is bright and eye-catching, highlighting the regional cultural characteristics of Beijing.

Zhang Shuaikun, deputy dean of the Roadheader Research and Design Institute of China Railway Construction Heavy Industry Group, said that the shield machine with a diameter of 12 meters or more is usually called the super-large diameter shield machine. The super-large diameter shield machine integrates cutting-edge technologies such as machinery, electricity, hydraulics, information, sensing and optics, which requires high reliability of equipment. In the process of equipment development, the R&D team relied on the independent design and system integration technology of conventional diameter and large diameter shield machines, as well as the design and manufacturing technology of key parts of the system, and finally succeeded in development.

"Jinghua" applied many core technologies, such as normal pressure tool changing, telescopic main drive, high-efficiency and high-power mud-water circulation system, and high-precision gas-liquid independent balance control of excavation face. At the same time, it is innovatively equipped with system devices such as pipe ring convergence measurement, pipe ring flatness detection and synchronous double-liquid grouting, which makes the high-intensity, high-risk and high-pollution tunnel excavation operation turn into a relatively safe and efficient green construction mode.