CCTV News:Wang Tao has a beautiful resume: prestigious school education background, overseas study experience and numerous national awards. But Wang Tao thinks that the most precious thing is the evaluation of his predecessors in the circle: he is a young man who solves problems.

The problem that Wang Tao has to solve is related to everyone’s "personal life". As a researcher at the Institute of Engineering Mechanics, China Earthquake Administration, earthquake prevention and disaster reduction is his lifelong pursuit, and building sturdiness is his lifelong goal.

There is a saying in earthquake disaster science that "it is not the earthquake that kills people, but the building".

Wang Tao has been to many post-earthquake sites, participated in the rescue of Lushan earthquake in Sichuan, Yushu earthquake in Qinghai, Gongliu earthquake in Xinjiang, Nepal earthquake and other earthquake sites, and also did a lot of scientific research work on earthquake damage investigation of building structures in extremely difficult environment.

He deeply understands that only a strong house can protect life.

In the Wenchuan earthquake in 2008, Wang Tao found that the collapse of high-rise buildings was rare, but there were many cases of building abandonment caused by the destruction, and the coupling beam was the most seriously damaged component. In order to improve the seismic performance of high-rise buildings, Wang Tao led the team to conduct systematic research on new energy dissipation coupling beams.

This year, he just returned from Japan. Prior to this, Wang Tao had worked in the Institute of Disaster Prevention of Kyoto University for two years after receiving his Ph.D. from Kyoto University. When he learned that he chose to return to China to work in the Institute of Engineering Mechanics of China Earthquake Administration, the old-timers in the institute were particularly excited. Because in their eyes, Wang Tao is a "young and promising" and "daring and daring" scientist.

Facts have proved that the expectations of our predecessors have not failed. From material to structure, from connection to structure, Wang Tao’s team not only developed a new type of energy dissipation coupling beam system, but also directly served social engineering and achieved great economic and social benefits. It has been applied in millions of square meters of buildings and constitutes an important part of the national earthquake safety community.

It is an obvious feature of Wang Tao to "work harder" than others in scientific research.

Wang Tao graduated from the Department of Civil Engineering of Tsinghua University, but the seismic test involves many disciplines, which require knowledge of computer, signal processing, electronic circuit, control automation and other disciplines besides civil engineering. If Wang Tao is not good at it, he is knowledgeable and diligent.

Ten years ago, the earthquake engineering laboratory in the institute just started, and the equipment, instruments and personnel were very scarce. Wang Tao and the team members of the laboratory stayed up all night, from every screw to the connection test of various cables and data lines.

When doing experiments online with American scientific research institutions, Wang Tao led the team to start experiments at 8 o’clock every night according to the American schedule and worked until 5 or 6 o’clock the next morning. Watch the experimental results follow the expected trajectory, and sort out the experimental data at the first time. During that time, Wang Tao only slept for two or three hours every day.

Letting the research land is the ultimate goal of all Wang Tao’s efforts.

In the era of skyscrapers, earthquake resistance has become a new topic in the field of engineering construction, and Wang Tao has once again faced difficulties.

China Zun, one of the top ten contemporary buildings in China, is 528 meters high. It is the world’s first skyscraper over 500 meters built in an 8-degree earthquake-resistant area, and its seismic capacity has always been the focus of attention. Among them, Wang Tao’s team has successfully applied the research results of the project.

In the earthquake zone, the journey in 10 days is nearly 2000 kilometers, and the earthquake damage investigation is carried out in more than 40 towns and villages in Sichuan, which provides an important basis for the evaluation of earthquake intensity. In the city, put on a "coat" for brick-concrete structure houses to make Beijing’s old houses safe and livable for seismic reinforcement; In foreign countries, I assisted Nepal in scientific investigation after the earthquake, and often worked until two or three o’clock in the morning, still maintaining full fighting spirit.

In the earthquake, Wang Tao has been struggling to turn the building into a fortress.

(Jointly launched: News and Publicity Department of CCTV Emergency Management Department Editor: Liu Wei)

　　The Sixth Plenary Session of the 18th CPC Central Committee deliberated and adopted Several Guidelines on the Political Life within the Party under the New Situation (hereinafter referred to as the Guidelines) and the Regulations on Inner-Party Supervision in the Communist Party of China (CPC) (hereinafter referred to as the Regulations). The two documents mentioned "the organizational life of the Party" many times. The main contents of the party’s organizational life include: all party member and cadres, especially senior cadres, must enhance the party’s awareness and always remember that their first identity is party member; Adhere to the system of "three sessions and one lesson"; Adhere to the system of democratic life meeting and organizational life meeting; Adhere to the system of heart-to-heart talk; Adhere to the system of democratic appraisal of party member; Adhere to the reporting system; Leading cadres must strengthen organizational concepts. Strict organizational life of the party has a profound theoretical origin, rich practical connotation and urgent practical needs, which is the key to strengthening party building.

　　First, the profound theoretical origin

　　1, the organizational basis of the party’s leadership

　　For political parties, their leadership is very important. The party’s leadership can be realized, first, by forming a United and strong leadership core; Second, relying on a strong party organization to ensure the implementation of the party’s line, principles and policies.

　　The formation of a strong Party organization is closely related to a strong contingent of party member cadres. Party constitution stipulated that all party member belonged to a branch, and there was no party member without a branch, so all party member had to lead an organizational life. Specifically, the party’s organizational life is the main way to exercise the party spirit of cadres; The organizational life of the Party is the basic way to educate, manage, supervise and serve the party member team. Implementing the organizational life system and living a good organizational life is very important for implementing the policy of strictly administering the party, enhancing party member’s concept of organizational discipline, and giving play to the role of grassroots party organizations as a fighting fortress and party member’s vanguard and exemplary role. Therefore, strengthening the party’s leadership is inseparable from having a good organizational life.

　　2. The concentrated expression of the Party’s organizational principles.

　　Marx and Engels pointed out: "Proletarian political parties must be organized in accordance with the principle of democratic centralism and implement strict organizations and systems." Lenin inherited Marx and Engels’ thought of democratic centralism. In 1902, Lenin wrote "What should I do?"? Expounding the basic principles of the new proletarian political party; In 1904, he further elaborated the idea of establishing a "centralized party" in "Two Steps Back"; From 1905 to 1917, when he led the Russian revolution, he replaced the principle of "centralism" with the principle of "democratic centralism"; Subsequently, this principle was adhered to and developed in the process of creating a new type of proletarian party. On the practical level, Lenin’s thought of democratic centralism is embodied in the party’s congress system, collective leadership system, minority obeying majority system, reporting system and so on. Among them, some contents are closely related to the party’s organizational life, and some contents themselves belong to the party’s organizational life system.

　　The Communist Party of China (CPC) inherited and developed the organizational principle of democratic centralism. Democratic centralism is the fundamental organizational principle of Marxist political parties, and organizational life is an important embodiment of Marxist political parties following democratic centralism.

　　3, the inevitable requirement of the party organization structure.

　　Marx and Engels clearly demanded in the Constitution of the Communist League that the organizational system of the Party should be established from the bottom up from the branch to the Central Committee, so that the Party can become a unified system. In the process of the development of proletarian political parties, Lenin gradually made it clear that the party should set up grass-roots party organizations according to regions and production units, deeply root the party’s grass-roots organizations in its own class, and make every social grass-roots party organization such as factories, schools, organs and villages become the basis of the party’s work and all its combat effectiveness. In the history of the Communist Party of China (CPC), the four party constitution have stipulated that in rural areas, factories, railways, mines, barracks, schools and other grassroots units; Since the "Three Bays Adaptation", the Party has established the principle of "the branch is built on the company" in the people’s army. This organizational form effectively combines the party’s organizational construction with the armed struggle, adapts to the needs of the revolutionary struggle at that time, and gives full play to the role of the party branch as a fighting fortress and party member’s vanguard and exemplary role; After the Eighth National Congress, the basic organizations were renamed as grass-roots organizations.

　　In the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, party constitution stipulated that organizations should be divided into central, local and grass-roots units. Among them, it is stipulated that the party’s grass-roots organizations are "the fighting bastion of the party in social grass-roots organizations and the basis of all the party’s work and combat effectiveness." It can be seen that the organizational life of the party is mostly carried out in the grassroots organizations of the party, and the operation of the grassroots organizations of the party basically depends on the organizational life of the party.

　　Second, rich practical connotation

　　1, the historical continuation of the party’s internal laws and regulations

　　The organizational life of the party has experienced a historical process from initial understanding to gradual improvement and standardization, and finally formed a series of important systems of inner-party life. During the revolutionary war years, party leaders attached great importance to the party’s organizational life. In 1980, the Fifth Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee of the Communist Party of China adopted "Several Guidelines on Political Life within the Party". Its main contents and principles are still applicable. For example, it is stipulated that "every party member, regardless of his position, must join an organization of the Party and participate in organizational life". Since the 12th National Congress of party constitution, party constitution has stipulated that party member should lead a party organization life. Article 8 of party constitution of the 18th National Congress clearly stipulates: "Every party member, regardless of his position, must join a branch, group or other specific organization of the Party, participate in the organizational life of the Party, and accept the supervision of the masses inside and outside the Party." "party member leading cadres must also participate in the democratic life meeting of party committees and leading groups. There is no special party member who does not participate in the party’s organizational life and does not accept the supervision of the masses inside and outside the party. " These are the historical experiences summed up by the Party in practice and exploration, and are the important institutional guarantee for the Party to manage the Party strictly.

　　2. Spiritual legacy of the older generation of revolutionaries.

　　The Communist Party of China (CPC) people have always attached importance to the party’s organizational life, and the party’s leaders set an example. In 1944, as the chairman of the CPC Central Committee, Comrade Mao Zedong abided by the party’s organizational life system, and volunteered to report his personal thoughts at the party group meeting, hoping that the party group leader would supervise him. During the Anti-Japanese War, Zhu De, as the commander-in-chief of the Eighth Route Army, took the lead in organizing life every time. A party group meeting in response to Chairman Mao’s call to "do it yourself and overcome difficulties" did not inform Comrade Zhu De to attend. Comrade Zhu De found the leader of the party group and stressed: "Chairman Mao called on us to do it ourselves and overcome difficulties. I am also involved in such a big event — Share. " He also said kindly, "Everyone in our Party is an ordinary party member, and there can be no special party member in the Party. In the future, I will be notified to attend such meetings. " Comrade Chen Yun and party member, among the secretaries, guards and other staff members, formed a party group, with the chief bodyguard as the leader of the party group. Chen Yun couldn’t attend, so he took the initiative to ask for leave and even wrote a letter in person. Deng Xiaoping’s comeback in 1973 began with Zhou Enlai’s proposal that the Political Bureau should make a "Decision on Restoring Comrade Deng Xiaoping’s Party Organizational Life and Vice Premier the State Council’s post". This decision was sent to county and regimental party committees to inform the whole party and the people of the whole country, and Mao Zedong gave instructions to "agree". Thus, the revolutionaries of the older generation have fulfilled the Party’s requirements and made party member, especially party member, a leader,带头参加党的组织生活。

　　3、以最高领袖同志为核心的党中央率先垂范

　　以最高领袖同志为核心的党中央对参加党的组织生活高度重视。“中共中央总书记、国家主席、中央军委主席最高领袖以普通党员身份参加了所在的中办机关党委直属党支部的组织生活会，与支部成员一起交流并发表了重要讲话。他说，‘参加支部生活会，我们都是平等的、普通的一员，这也是作为共产党员应尽的义务。共产党员这个称号，是一个组织称号，在组织里的人，就要过组织生活，不参加组织活动的人，也就脱离党了。’”最高领袖总书记作为党的领导核心仍能坚持党的组织生活制度，对全体党员而言，既是以身作则、以上率下，也是巨大的振奋和鼓舞。

　　Third, urgent practical requirements

　　1, the importance of the party’s organizational life itself

　　The party’s organizational life plays a very important role. First, standardize the operation of party organizations and consolidate the organizational foundation of the party. The important way of inner-party life is the organizational life of the party. If the operation of the party organization is more standardized and the organizational foundation is more solid, it is necessary to strictly control the organizational life of the party. The second is to go deep into the grassroots to obtain first-hand materials for investigation and research. General Secretary of the Supreme Leader pointed out: "Investigation and research are the foundation of seeking something and the way to accomplish it. Without investigation, there is no right to speak, and there is no decision-making power. " Leading cadres can communicate with grassroots cadres and grassroots party member and get first-hand information through democratic life meetings, organization life meetings and heart-to-heart talks. Third, the means of connecting emotions to enhance the cohesion and centripetal force of grass-roots organizations. No matter leading cadres or ordinary party member, they all live in the same party branch, which helps to form a good atmosphere. Therefore, where there is party member, there must be a Party organization, and where there is a Party organization, there must be a sound organizational life.

　　2. The importance of the party’s organizational life to the political life within the party.

　　The "Guidelines" clearly pointed out: "The party must manage the party from the political life within the party, and strictly manage the party from the political life within the party." At the same time, it is pointed out: "The party’s organizational life is an important content and carrier of the political life within the party, and it is an important form for the party organization to supervise party member’s education management." This points out the important position of the party’s organizational life in the party’s management of the party and strict management of the party.

　　The Code stipulates and puts forward clear requirements from 12 aspects: strengthening ideals and beliefs, adhering to the Party’s basic line, resolutely safeguarding the authority of the Party Central Committee, strictly observing the Party’s political discipline, maintaining the flesh-and-blood ties between the Party and the people, adhering to the principle of democratic centralism, promoting inner-party democracy and safeguarding party member’s rights, adhering to the correct orientation of selecting and employing people, strictly enforcing the Party’s organizational life system, carrying out criticism and self-criticism, strengthening the restriction and supervision of power operation, and maintaining a clean and honest political nature. Among them, the ninth part of the special train is "Strict Party’s organizational life system". It is pointed out that "the organizational life of the Party is an important content and carrier of the political life within the Party, and it is also an important form for the Party organizations to supervise party member’s education management. We must adhere to the various systems of the party’s organizational life, innovate ways and means, and enhance the vitality of the party’s organizational life. " It is mentioned in the guidelines that "all party member and cadres, especially senior cadres, must enhance the party’s awareness and always remember that their first identity is party member"; "Insist on ‘ Three sessions and one lesson ’ System "; "Adhere to the system of democratic life meeting and organizational life meeting"; "Insist on the system of heart-to-heart talk"; "Insist on democratic appraisal of party member"; "Leading cadres must strengthen their organizational concepts,Major issues and personal matters in the work must be reported to the organization in accordance with the regulations and procedures, and the requirements should be made in advance to the organization for instructions before leaving the post or work place. The party’s organizational life is an important part of the party’s political life, so we must adhere to the party’s organizational life system and improve the political life within the party.

　　3, the importance of the party’s organizational life for inner-party supervision.

　　The "Regulations" pointed out: "In the supervision system, establish and improve the inner-party supervision system with unified leadership of the CPC Central Committee, comprehensive supervision by party committees (party groups), special supervision by discipline inspection organs, functional supervision by party departments, daily supervision by party grass-roots organizations and democratic supervision by party member."

　　In the inner-party supervision system, many supervision methods are closely related to the party’s organizational life. First, at the supervision level of the party’s central organization, Article 14 states: "members of the Political Bureau of the Communist Party of China Central Committee should strictly implement the eight central regulations, consciously participate in the life of dual organizations, and truthfully report personal important matters to the Party Central Committee." Dual organizational life refers to members of the Political Bureau of the Communist Party of China Central Committee’s participation in the Political Bureau of the Central Committee and the Standing Committee on the one hand; On the one hand, it is also incorporated into grass-roots branches. Second, at the level of supervision by party committees (leading groups), Article 20 stipulates that "the party’s organizational life system should be strictly enforced, democratic life meetings should be regularized, and important or universal issues should be convened in time. Democratic life will focus on solving outstanding problems. At the meeting, leading cadres should clearly and thoroughly explain the problems reflected by the masses, patrol feedback and organization of interviews and letters, carry out criticism and self-criticism, put forward rectification measures, and accept organizational supervision. Party organizations at higher levels should strengthen the guidance and supervision of the democratic life meetings of lower-level leading bodies and improve the quality of democratic life meetings. " Third, at the level of the Party’s grass-roots organizations and party member’s supervision, Article 35 stipulates that "the Party’s grass-roots organizations play the role of fighting bastions and perform their supervisory duties". Among them, "Strictly organize the Party’s life, carry out criticism and self-criticism, supervise party member to earnestly fulfill its obligations, and ensure that party member’s rights are not infringed" ranks as the first duty. Thus, the party’s organizational life is an important part of inner-party supervision, and it is in the central organization, party committees (party groups)Grass-roots organizations and party member’s supervision level are all reflected, so we must strengthen inner-party supervision in the organizational life of the Party.

　　Fourth, the principle of strictly organizing life

　　1, comply with the rules and regulations and outstanding problem orientation.

　　Party constitution stipulated: "Every party member, regardless of his position, must join a branch, group or other specific organization of the party, participate in the party’s organizational activities, and accept the supervision of the masses inside and outside the party." Strict organizational life of the Party needs to be based on party constitution and the Party’s rules and regulations. At the same time, we need to pay attention to the problems and shortcomings of organizational life. At present, the party’s organizational life is generally standardized and orderly, but there are also some problems. Just as in the recent Interpretation (1) of the Supervision Department of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection, it is proposed that "what problems are solved, what problems are highlighted, and what problems are focused on, so as to enhance the pertinence of reality". To highlight the problem orientation in strict organizational life is to pay attention to the problems in organizational life during the inspection, the problems in the party organization, the problems in party member around us, and party member’s own problems.

　　2. Senior cadres should set an example and actively practice in grassroots party member.

　　The General Secretary of the Supreme Leader stressed that "especially the members of the central leadership must set an example, strictly abide by the party’s political discipline and rules, adhere to Do not forget your initiative mind, move on, take the lead in setting an example and set an example for the whole party and society." "About focusing on senior cadres. Strengthening and standardizing political life within the party and strengthening inner-party supervision are the requirements and common tasks of the whole party. At the same time, both the draft guidelines and the draft regulations emphasize the focus on senior cadres. The main consideration is that to strengthen party building, we must do a good job of leading cadres, especially senior cadres, and it is the key to do a good job of the members of the Central Committee, the Political Bureau of the Central Committee and The Politburo Standing Committee (PSC). " This clearly shows the requirements for senior cadres. At the same time, party member and cadres need to actively practice. It is necessary to do a good job in learning at different levels, and in accordance with the requirements of the Central Committee, "learning the spirit of the Sixth Plenary Session of the Eighteenth Central Committee of the Communist Party of China is the key task of the theoretical armed work of the whole party, and it is included in ‘ Two studies and one doing ’ Study and educate, formulate careful study plans and programs, and promote the broad masses of party member and cadres to comprehensively and accurately grasp the spirit of the plenary session. "

　　3. Inherit the essence of tradition and innovative ways and means.

　　General Secretary of the Supreme Leader pointed out: "The most striking feature of the two drafts is the organic unity of inheritance and innovation, which not only deeply summarizes the experience and lessons of our party in strengthening its own construction, but also inherits and carries forward the institutional provisions and fine traditions formed by our party in the long-term practice, and comprehensively summarizes the vivid practice of the CPC Central Committee in promoting the comprehensive and strict management of the party since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, and collects the theoretical and practical innovations of the comprehensive and strict management of the party." Therefore, on the one hand, we should continue the traditional ways, and adhere to the traditional systems of "three meetings and one lesson", organizing life meetings, heart-to-heart talks, ideological reports, democratic appraisal of party member and party member’s party spirit, democratic life meetings for leading cadres in party member and dual organization life meetings for leading cadres in party member. On the other hand, we should innovate ways and means. For example, combine the party’s organizational life with the actual business of the unit to discuss major issues of the unit; For another example, using the Party’s organizational life, party member was organized to watch the recent hit documentary "Always on the Road", and the interpretation of the spirit of the Sixth Plenary Session of the Eighteenth Central Committee was studied by the online feature film, so that the Party’s line, principles and policies were put into the mind through modern carriers and methods. (Author: Sun Qiaojing, Department of CPC History, Renmin University of China)

　　On the morning of September 30th, there was a solemn and festive scene in the flag square of Cangwu Campus of Jiangsu Ocean University. Thousands of teachers and students wore "Hai Da Lan" T-shirts, waved the national flag, sang the national anthem in unison, and paid tribute to the rising five-star red flag, and deeply remembered the revolutionary martyrs who died heroically for the liberation of the Chinese nation and their predecessors who made outstanding contributions to the construction of new China. Wang Zili, secretary of the Party Committee of our school, said that holding a solemn flag-raising ceremony on the occasion of the 70th anniversary of the founding of New China is the best patriotic education for college students.

　　In recent years, the Party Committee of Jiangsu Ocean University has taken the opportunity of major holiday anniversaries, combined with Party building, social practice, public service and other work, carried out various forms of patriotic education activities for college students, and deeply implanted the red patriotic gene into the hearts of every student.

　　Party secretary gives patriotic party lessons for students.

　　"Without a country, how can there be a home?"

　　"Rational patriotism should construct the value standard of independent analysis and judgment!"

　　"The foundation of patriotism is history, and the source of patriotism is history. If you don’t know history, you can’t be patriotic!"

　　On the evening of September 29th, Wang Zili, Party Secretary of Jiangsu Ocean University, gave a passionate party class to student party member and activists who joined the Party. Wang Zili answered "Three Questions of Patriotism" from three questions: what is patriotism, why is patriotism and how should college students be patriotic. From the touching story of mother-in-law tattooing "faithfully serving the country" to "model of the times" Wang Jicai "the island is the country, and the island is the home", from Zhou Enlai’s "studying for the rise of China" to Peng Hengwu’s "returning to China without a reason, but not returning to China without a reason", Wang Zili quoted the classics and comprehensively analyzed the multi-level and multi-dimensional patriotism. He told the majority of students party member that "the purpose of patriotism is personal development and country. Patriotism is abstract and concrete. Doing what you should do well is patriotism. We have raised patriotism to the purpose and origin of education, making patriotism a gene and a cultural consciousness. "

　　Each college holds a theme flag-raising ceremony once a week.

　　Each college holds a theme flag-raising ceremony once a week, which has been adhered to in Jiangsu Ocean University for more than 10 years. In the past 10 years, the school has carried out nearly 400 theme flag-raising activities. "The theme flag-raising activity not only enriches the campus cultural life, but also is an important way to educate students in patriotism." Principal Ning Xiaoming said.

　　This year marks the 70th anniversary of the founding of the People’s Republic of China. The secondary colleges have held flag-raising ceremonies with the themes of "guarding the national flag to welcome the National Day, keeping the mission in mind", "Youth dedicating gifts to the motherland, striving to build the Chinese dream together" and "patriotism, virtue and respect for teachers", encouraging young students to have patriotic feelings, respect knowledge, be brave in taking responsibility, consciously safeguard national dignity and study hard to realize the Chinese dream of the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation.

　　Charles Kao, a graduate student of the School of Science, said that raising the national flag is a spiritual motivation. Whenever the national flag is raised, it is the national spirit in our hearts. The national flag, like a "lighthouse", guides us all the way forward and strives to build the Chinese dream together!

　　Practice patriotic feelings in practicing public welfare activities

　　The ultimate goal of cultivating patriotism is to practice the trip to serve the country. In recent years, in combination with social practice, public service and other activities, the school has organized students to enter the patriotic education base, the community and the countryside, cultivate patriotic feelings in practice, and practice the ambition of serving the country with practical actions.

　　On September 23rd, the honor guard of the school flag came to Dongxin Central Primary School in the east of Haizhou District, Lianyungang City to carry out the flag-raising ceremony with the theme of "It coincides with the youth’s self-improvement, and I grow up with the motherland". The team members preached the knowledge of the national anthem and emblem, and explained and demonstrated the action norms and standard postures of the flag-raising ceremony. "I feel that big brothers and sisters are so cool! I want to be like them when I grow up! " A primary school student said enviously. Zhao Mingkang, the current captain of the national flag team, said that the national flag team has long insisted on going out of the school gate, and has carried out more than 200 practical activities such as "raising a flag with a big hand and a small hand" with neighboring primary and secondary schools, and tried our best to convey positive energy in a wider range, carry forward the spirit of patriotism and promote social civilization.

　　(Chen Xiaoyan Hu Yaohua)

　　　　On August 15th, China’s Tong Wen defeated the Japanese in the women’s judo final over 78kg at the Beijing Olympic Games? Tian Zhenxi, win the championship.

　　　　"Today’s game is very dramatic for me, but I have always believed that I will win this game!" Tong Wen, who staged a big reversal at the last minute of the game and won the 24th gold medal for China, recalled after the game.

　　　　The women’s judo competition over 78kg is the last and most important battle of the China judo team in Beijing Olympic Games, with Tong Wen playing against the Japanese team’s Athens Olympic champion? Tian Zhenxi. With eight seconds left in the game, Tong Wen was still behind his opponent in the score. However, she finally gave a shocking fall and broke the Japanese with a "book"? Tian Zhenxi’s dream of defending the title also helped China’s judo team to win the third gold medal in this Olympic Games.

　　　　"I fought for the honor of China," Tong Wen, who is cheerful, smiled like a flower. "I won not only for myself, but also for my motherland. As we all know, Japanese judo is the best. I want to beat her and fight to defend China’s female rouzheng 78kg class. "

　　　　The game is really very dramatic. Failure almost became a Japanese judo master? Tian Zhenxi, the mother of success, prepared for Tong Wen so carefully before the game that Tong Wen found out in the final that each of her favorite skills had not been given, and the other side had expected the enemy to be ahead, so she took precautions in advance.

　　　　Tong Wen patiently looked for opportunities, but his opponent "cunningly" defused Tong Wen’s attack. Moreover, her counterattack was also very effective, and she got an "effective", although Tong Wen later got an "effect". ? After Tian Zhenxi took the lead, he started a passive game. As the game passed, the audience at the scene was right. Tian expressed dissatisfaction. However, Tong Wen didn’t give up, but finally found the opportunity to kill. With eight seconds left in the game, he made a super turnaround and won a precious gold medal.

　　　　"The secret of my victory is my belief in winning," Tong Wen told reporters when he walked off the court. "I used to? Tian has never lost. This victory in adversity is a valuable life experience for me. It is an improvement for me to get up from adversity and win this time. In the past, I rarely lost points and won again. " Tong Wen hit so hard that the game ended for an hour. Tian Zhen had just recovered from his failure. "I realize now that she is indeed stronger than me. I personally didn’t feel that I made a mistake. "

　　　　The belief of winning and the ontological reaction made Tong Wen laugh at the end. For the competition, she concluded: "In the past, I basically won with’ one book’ in one minute. But I’m still behind with 20 seconds left in the game. I won by faith: I have never been afraid in the competition. I have never had the word’ fear’ in my mind since I was a child, only’ win’. "

　　　　This is Tong Wen’s first Olympic gold medal, but it is so impressive. "The first time I participated in the Olympic Games in Beijing, the last decisive battle was so dramatic. This Olympic Games is a wonderful memory for me, "she said.

Editor: Peng Wei

In most people’s cognition, only sallow and emaciated, short stature and skinny bones are malnutrition, while the 2016 Global Nutrition Report released recently believes that malnutrition should also include obesity, diabetes, heart disease, hyperlipidemia and other nutrition-related chronic diseases. Moreover, the global malnutrition problem is particularly serious, which has become the biggest factor causing the global disease burden.

Then, what exactly is malnutrition, why obesity and diabetes are also malnutrition, and how can people correctly supplement nutrition in life? The reporter interviewedYou Xiangmei, Director of Nutrition Department, No.117 Hospital of PLA.

The global malnutrition problem is severe.

According to the 2016 Global Nutrition Report, the global nutrition report conducted research in 129 countries and found that one out of every three people in the world was malnourished.

The World Food and Agriculture Organization reported in 2013 that 923 million people in the world were undernourished in 2007; The World Health Organization reported in 2013 that malnutrition is the leading cause of child death worldwide, accounting for 45% of all child deaths; The Cancer Nutrition and Support Committee of China Anti-Cancer Association reported that the malnutrition rate of cancer patients in China was as high as 67%.

Malnutrition can be divided into two types.

Director You introduced that malnutrition usually refers to malnutrition caused by insufficient intake, malabsorption or excessive loss of nutrients, but it may also include overnutrition caused by overeating or excessive intake of specific nutrients. In other words, malnutrition includes undernutrition and overnutrition.

There are three forms of malnutrition: energy deficiency malnutrition, protein deficiency malnutrition and mixed malnutrition. The causes of malnutrition are improper feeding in infancy; Poor eating habits; Some diseases affect appetite, hinder food digestion and absorption, and increase the consumption of the body.

There are two typical symptoms of malnutrition.

1 emaciation type

Short stature, emaciation, loss of subcutaneous fat, weakness and fatigue in children caused by serious shortage of thermal energy.

2 edema type

It is caused by the serious lack of protein, with edema all over, dry and atrophied skin, fragile hair, loss of appetite, large liver and frequent diarrhea.

Overnutrition is actually another "malnutrition symptom". Due to the improvement of living standards, people tend to choose meat or high-fat food, as well as exquisite and sweet food, and the intake of high-fiber food is too small, which leads to overnutrition.

Why do chronic diseases such as diabetes and heart disease belong to malnutrition?

Director You explained that people are no longer facing food shortage, but food quality problems. Many people think they are full, but in fact they are in a state of "latent hunger". They lack necessary trace elements, such as iron, vitamin A and iodine, so their health is not good. Many people suffer from diseases such as heart disease, stroke and diabetes due to long-term nutritional imbalance.

Furthermore, many people are getting less and less exercise, but they are eating more and more fast food or processed food, which is often too high in calories and lacks other nutrients.

　 　 　 　As we all know, infection is almost inevitable in plasma cell disorders (PCD). Although infection is not the diagnostic standard of PCD, it is a common complication of most patients, and it is also an important cause of morbidity and mortality of patients, especially the elderly and immunocompromised patients. In addition, the increasing use of immune-based therapeutic drugs in multiple myeloma may also have a negative impact on infection epidemiology and clinical outcome.

　 　 　 　According to statistics, the risk of infection in patients with multiple myeloma is 7 times higher than that in the general population; 10% patients died within 60 days after diagnosis, of which 45% were attributed to infection, and most of them occurred in elderly patients; 17% of multiple myeloma deaths are attributed to infection, and before the first-line treatment, the highest death rate was caused by infection (46%)1.

　 　 　 　In addition, infection, inflammation and pathogens also play an important role in the pathogenesis of plasma cell disease. Infectious cancer factors can be divided into direct carcinogens and indirect carcinogens. The former expresses viral oncogenes that directly contribute to carcinogenic transformation, while the latter causes cancer through chronic inflammation and acquired driven mutation. The mechanism of pathogen carcinogenesis includes pathogen as the direct carcinogen of PCD (oncogenic virus assists the occurrence of immunosuppressive cancers, such as Kaposi sarcoma and HHV8) and pathogen as the indirect carcinogen of PCD (chronic inflammation can enhance cell proliferation, and abnormal immune response to self-protein or infectious pathogens increases the risk of gene change and subsequent malignant transformation into dominant MM, Long-term antigen stimulation may also promote the genomic instability of MM by combining cytidine deaminase) and pathogens as regulators of PCD immune monitoring (Th17 cells secrete inflammatory cytokines, and promote the growth of plasma cells through IL-6-STAT3 signaling pathway and local activation of eosinophils; Intestinal flora may affect the response and toxicity of immunotherapy, and the principle is that immunosuppressants and broad-spectrum antibiotics can significantly change the composition of microbial flora.

　 　 　 　As mentioned earlier, infection is still the main cause of morbidity and mortality of patients with multiple myeloma due to the cumulative effect of disease, treatment and host-related factors. In view of the cumulative risk of infection in the whole course of disease, it is very important to prevent infection. At present, the best prevention strategies include vaccination against common pathogens, antibacterial prevention, infection management and immunoglobulin replacement for a small number of patients. But in general, there is no universally accepted infection prevention guideline for multiple myeloma.

　 　 　 　In view of this, the International Myeloma Association convened 36 experts from all over the world to jointly review the existing literature and guidelines, and solve the problems related to the infection risk and prevention of infectious complications of multiple myeloma under the emerging treatment background, including providing personalized infection treatment strategies for MM and providing suggestions for preventing infectious complications. The consensus statement was published in Lancet Haematology in February.

　

Panel1: Summary of key points and key suggestions for preventing infection in patients with multiple myeloma

Infection is still the main cause of death in patients with multiple myeloma. Risk factors include immunosuppression, treatment, age and complications (such as renal failure and weakness) of multiple myeloma.

The period with the highest risk of infection is the first 3 months after diagnosis and when treating relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma.

Patients with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma are more likely to prevent potential infections (such as Streptococcus pneumoniae or Haemophilus influenzae).

Most infections in patients with multiple myeloma are caused by viruses and bacteria: bacterial infections are most often manifested as pneumonia and bacteremia, while viral infections are usually manifested as seasonal viruses, especially influenza and herpes zoster.

If the risk of infection increases, levofloxacin can be considered for prevention (NCCN 2A level). Patients with seropositive herpes simplex virus and varicella-zoster virus (such as detection) can be given acyclovir for prevention. It is recommended that patients who receive proteasome inhibitors or targeted monoclonal antibodies, especially CD38 targeted monoclonal antibodies, use acyclovir for prevention (NCCN level 1). Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole can be reserve for patients at risk of pneumocystis Yersinia pneumonia, such as patients with relapsed/refractory myeloma or patients receiving large doses of dexamethasone (for example, ≥40 mg/ day, 4 days a week). For patients with sulfur allergy, alternative drugs such as dapsone (NCCN 2A grade) can be considered.

It is suggested that patients with multiple myeloma should be vaccinated with inactivated influenza vaccine (preferably with two doses of influenza vaccine, regardless of age) and inactivated streptococcus pneumoniae vaccine (PCV13) every year, and then with PPSV23(NCCN 2A level) every five years.

Only patients with multiple myeloma are recommended to be vaccinated with inactivated vaccine.

The ability to produce protective response after immunization depends on the immunosuppressive status of patients (such as disease load, remission status, cumulative immunosuppression of anti-tumor treatment) and vaccination time.

Conventional chemotherapy can significantly impair the response of patients with multiple myeloma to vaccination.

Vaccination at the early stage of the disease (such as MGUS or SMM), before the start of treatment or when it reaches remission can get the best protection.

Lenalidomide monotherapy can improve the response of patients with multiple myeloma to vaccination, provided that dexamethasone is not given at the same time. At present, the immune response after receiving new drugs (such as monoclonal antibody, panobinostat and Cellini) has not been determined.

After autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, patients with multiple myeloma may lose immunity to the pathogens they were vaccinated against, and these patients should be vaccinated again 6-24 months after HSCT. The data show that it is safe and effective to inoculate recombinant herpes zoster vaccine after autologous HSCT. Therefore, it is recommended to inoculate recombinant herpes zoster vaccine after autologous HSCT (NCCN level 1).

It is suggested that the recombinant herpes zoster vaccine should be extended to all patients with multiple myeloma. It is suggested to continue to use varicella-zoster vaccine for prevention according to the indications, regardless of the vaccination status (NCCN 2b level).

It is suggested that patients with multiple myeloma should use passive immunization after being exposed to hepatitis A, chickenpox or measles (NCCN 2b).

It is suggested that close contacts of patients with multiple myeloma should be routinely vaccinated with inactivated vaccine, and patients should avoid close contact with live vaccine vaccinators as much as possible (NCCN 2A level).

Encourage the medical care and family members of patients with multiple myeloma to receive all designated immunization, especially seasonal influenza virus (NCCN 2A level).

Intravenous immunoglobulin is suitable for specific situations, such as life-threatening infection and IgG concentration below 400mg/dL with recurrent infection (NCCN 2A level).

For patients with multiple myeloma who go to infected epidemic areas, it is recommended to receive vaccines and antibacterial prevention at the destination, and consult infectious disease experts or medical institutions at the destination.

Risk factors of infection in patients with multiple myeloma

Disease factors

　 　 　 　Plasma cell diseases can increase the susceptibility of patients to viral and bacterial infections. The increased risk of infection in newly diagnosed patients with multiple myeloma is caused by the common global immune insufficiency paralysis in this patient, including the dysfunction of B cells in hypogammaglobulinemia, the destruction of global T cell diversity, and the significant changes in the functional activities of dendritic cells, natural killer cells and alternative complement pathways.

　 　 　 　Although rare at the time of seeing a doctor, neutropenia associated with bone marrow infiltration can also increase this risk. Of course, other related complications such as renal failure are also risk factors. The highest risk of infection is in the first 3 months after diagnosis and when treating recurrent or refractory multiple myeloma.

Therapeutic factors

Basic principles of treatment and infection of multiple myeloma

　 　 　 　The main therapeutic drugs for multiple myeloma are shown in Table 1. These treatments significantly improved the patient’s outcome, and transformed myeloma from a rapidly fatal disease to a chronic disease with multiple recurrences (usually successfully saved), but it also led to cumulative immunosuppression and increased risk of infection. For example, CD4 cell count drops sharply with the increase of chemotherapy cycle, which is closely related to opportunistic infection. Even so, the deep and lasting remission achieved by the combined regimen will generally lead to the reversal of immunosuppression and improvement of outcome.

　 　 　 　The immune status of patients with multiple myeloma is related to many factors, including the disease state and treatment stage (such as induction, remission vs first relapse vs relapse or refractory to multiple types and drugs), the degree of previous treatment (such as single drug vs multiline) and the intensity of treatment (such as triple induction vs autologous HSCT myeloablative regimen). In addition, continuous treatment can cause mild persistent immune suppression, which leads to an increase in the risk of infection. Immunomarkers can be used to determine whether there is cumulative immunosuppression.

glucocorticoid

　 　 　 　The cumulative dose of dexamethasone is an independent risk factor for infection, both during induction and at the time of recurrence. In addition, high-dose accumulation of glucocorticoids (for example, dexamethasone ≥40 mg/ day, 4 days per week) will increase the risk of opportunistic infections, including pneumocystis Yersinia.

Cytotoxic chemotherapy

　 　 　 　Conventional chemotherapy drugs, such as cyclophosphamide, etoposide, cisplatin, anthracyclines, melphalan and bendamustine, can enhance the susceptibility of patients with multiple myeloma to infection by inducing neutropenia, T cell dysfunction and mucosal damage.

Autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation

　 　 　 　High-dose melphalan combined with autologous HSCT (the standard treatment of multiple myeloma) can cause severe neutropenia and gastrointestinal mucositis, thus making patients susceptible to severe infections (mainly bacterial infections). Long-term T cell immune deficiency after implantation is rare, but it can increase the risk of virus infection and pneumocystis acquisition and reactivation.

Proteasome inhibitor

　 　 　 　Bortezomib can deplete T cells and impair viral antigen presentation, and the incidence of reactivation of varicella-zoster virus is relatively high in seropositive patients, so the preventive treatment of acyclovir is very important (NCCN grade 1). Caffezomib and Isazomib are also powerful immunosuppressants and have the same risk of viral infection. EMN guidelines recommend stopping antiviral preventive treatment 6 weeks after stopping PI. The authors suggest that the duration of prevention should be adjusted according to the immunosuppressive status of patients and whether other immunosuppressants (such as glucocorticoids or monoclonal antibodies) that increase the risk of varicella-zoster virus are given subsequently.

immunomodulator

　 　 　 　Lenalidomide and pomadomide can cause neutropenia, especially when combined with monoclonal antibodies. Granulocyte colony stimulating factor does not seem to reduce the risk of infection during lenalidomide treatment, but it can be used intermittently to fight chronic neutropenia. Thalidomide alone will not increase the risk of infection in patients with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma unless it is combined with other immunosuppressants (especially dexamethasone).

monoclonal antibody

　 　 　 　Monoclonal antibodies are associated with severe lymphopenia, pneumonia, reactivation of viral infection (especially varicella zoster virus) and opportunistic infection (especially in patients with intensive pretreatment). Clinical neutropenia may occur when monoclonal antibody is used in combination with lenalidomide or pomadumide, so the dosage needs to be adjusted. The neutropenia rate of CD38-targeted monoclonal antibody was higher than that of elotuzumab.

Selinexor in Cellini.

May lead to neutropenia-related infections.

New immune drugs

　 　 　 　Methods of targeting mature antigens of B cells, such as cell therapy (e.g. chimeric antigen receptor T cells), bispecific T cell adapters and antibody drug conjugates (e.g. belanatmab mafodotin), will all lead to immunosuppression because of targeting antibody-producing B cells and plasma cells. Therefore, patients with multiple myeloma who receive this treatment may need immunoglobulin replacement therapy. In addition, these treatments can lead to neutropenia and bone marrow suppression, and in some cases preventive use of antibiotics, antiviral coverage and antifungal coverage are needed.

Inhibition of bone resorption therapy

　 　 　 　Most patients with multiple myeloma will use anti-bone resorption therapy to prevent bone diseases. Rarely infected mandible and maxilla lead to jaw necrosis. Poor oral hygiene, poor denture fit, advanced periodontal disease and recent alveolar surgery are the risk factors. If infection occurs in the case of jaw necrosis, it is suggested to start using broad-spectrum antibiotics active against anaerobic bacteria, including actinomycetes spp46 and drug-resistant Bacteroides fragilis, such as clindamycin, carbapenems or β -lactamases or β -lactamase inhibitors. If the response to antibiotics is slow or unsatisfactory, or osteomyelitis is suspected, it is suggested to biopsy the lesion through staining and culture. Limited debridement may be required at this time; However, for refractory multiple myeloma, surgical resection should be reserve.

Kyphoplasty and vertebroplasty

　 　 　 　Vertebral kyphoplasty and vertebroplasty are generally well tolerated and are essential to control the pain associated with multiple myeloma of the vertebral body. In rare cases, spondylitis caused by Gram-positive bacteria (such as Staphylococcus aureus) can develop and evolve into paravertebral abscess. It is suggested that antibacterial prevention should be used 24 hours before operation and during operation when planning such operations for patients with high risk of infection.

Host factor

　 　 　 　Multiple myeloma mainly affects elderly patients with aging immune system (age ≥65 years old), whose antibody responses to pneumococcal and influenza vaccines are reduced, and the possibility of clinically significant complications is increased.

What factors can predict early and severe infection in MM patients?

　 　 　 　A considerable number of newly diagnosed patients with multiple myeloma will die prematurely before they can benefit from effective treatment, and the main reason is infection. Predictors of early and severe infection in newly diagnosed patients with multiple myeloma include high tumor load (ISS score II–III), abnormal increase of IDH, poor physical fitness and renal insufficiency.

　 　 　 　The prognosis model developed in 2018 divided patients into high-risk (infection rate was 24% during tertiary treatment) and low-risk (infection rate was 7%). In addition, men and high tumor load (ISS scores II-III and IDH increased) were risk factors for pneumonia, while high tumor load (ISS scores II-III) and increased serum creatinine concentration could independently predict the risk of sepsis.

Immune reconstruction after successful treatment

　 　 　 　Effective control of multiple myeloma can usually improve immunity. Immune reconstruction after autologous HSCT may provide an opportunity window for vaccination that may produce protective response.

Infection spectrum of patients with multiple myeloma

　 　 　 　With the introduction of new therapy, the types, severity and time of infection complications in patients with multiple myeloma have changed, and the complications mostly occur in the first few months of induction therapy and reach the peak in 4-6 months. The pathogens are mainly Gram-positive bacteria (such as coagulase-negative Staphylococcus, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae and Enterococcus faecalis) and Gram-negative bacteria (such as Haemophilus influenzae and Escherichia coli). In addition, tracheobronchitis and pneumonia caused by respiratory viruses (such as influenza and respiratory syncytial virus) are also common.

　 　 　 　Infection can reach its peak again during the treatment of recurrent diseases, so the immunity of patients with multiple myeloma is seriously damaged. In addition, the uncommon infections in patients with multiple myeloma include invasive pulmonary aspergillosis and viral infections, such as cytomegalovirus, hepatitis B virus (HBV) or hepatitis C virus (HCV) and parvovirus B19, and tuberculosis and other opportunistic infections are also rare.

Prevention and treatment strategies of multiple myeloma infection

　 　 　 　The key to reduce the burden of infection complications in patients with multiple myeloma is to carry out comprehensive staging in diagnosis and recurrence, so as to adjust individualized treatment strategies according to risks. Staging includes collecting clinical history (especially vaccination and past infection), checking physical health and evaluating the functional status of patients over 65 years old (that is, healthy, moderately healthy or weak).

　 　 　 　It is suggested to optimize the dose intensity in patients with high risk of severe infection (that is, high disease load or increased IDH) and clinically significant complications (especially renal insufficiency). In addition, it is suggested that the preventive strategies of immunosuppression state should be considered when using various previous treatment lines to treat recurrent patients, including vaccination against common pathogens (Table 2), paying attention to the time of vaccination (panel 2), and educating patients and nurses to take measures to reduce exposure to potential pathogen sources, including traveling (panel 3). In addition, it is suggested to carry out risk-adaptive antibacterial prevention in a small number of patients (Table 3), and consider immunoglobulin replacement and possible myeloid growth factor support. Careful monitoring during high immunosuppression therapy and after autologous HSCT may predict the risk and type of infection.

　

　

Panel 2: Vaccination Opportunity of Inactivated Vaccine for Multiple Myeloma Patients

MGUS, SMM or asymptomatic MM

These patients can respond to immunization.

Vaccination may be more effective for the following patients: MGUS with low concentration of M protein and SMM may need to be vaccinated repeatedly to be effective.

MM in need of treatment

MM status is related to insufficient immune response, and the precautions are as follows:

Inoculate as soon as possible

Vaccinate patients 14 days before starting treatment (preferred)

In partial remission (especially immune reconstruction)

Good remission is usually associated with immune reconstitution, with unaffected immunoglobulin returning to normal.

Inhibition of uninvolved immunoglobulin is a risk factor for insufficient response to repeated vaccination.

When the immunomodulator is used alone or in combination with proteasome inhibitor,

Immunomodulators alone or in combination with proteasome inhibitors are associated with increased possibility of serological response.

Maintenance therapy with a single immunomodulator (lenalidomide) can enhance immunity to some pathogens, but it will not enhance immunity when combined with dexamethasone.

Non-influenza respiratory tract infection in influenza season

Avoid immunization for the time being, because the response to the vaccine may not be sufficient, and the overall infection risk of patients with active multiple myeloma may increase.

During routine chemotherapy

Avoid vaccination until the disease is controlled, because the response of cancer patients may be insufficient, and the higher the load of multiple myeloma, the higher the risk of infection.

When high-dose myeloablative therapy combined with autologous HSCT

Avoid vaccination before autologous HSCT, because the response to the vaccine cannot be sufficient.

Patients were replanted 6-12 months after autologous HSCT, because patients would have severe humoral and cell-mediated immune deficiency after autologous HSCT, but the immune reconstruction was rapid.

The recovery of ?CD4 cell count is a marker of immune recovery.

Recurrent/Refractory Multiple Myeloma

Avoid immunization during active diseases, because the response to vaccines cannot be sufficient, especially in patients who have received several lines of treatment in the past.

Cumulative immunosuppression after extensive treatment can increase the net state of immunosuppression and the risk of severe infection.

The possibility of vaccine response decreases in descending order. There are no vaccine response data for monoclonal antibodies, Papi and Cellini.

　

Panel 3: Travel Notes for Patients with Multiple Myeloma

To evaluate the immune status, it is not recommended for patients with severe immune dysfunction to travel to potentially severe infection epidemic areas.

Update the patient’s immune status and verify the drug.

Patients are advised to use general protective measures, insect repellents, mosquito nets and protective clothing to minimize the risk of mosquito bite infection (such as malaria, dengue virus, Chikungunya fever, Zika virus and West Nile encephalitis) and ticks (such as Borrelia Lyme disease, tick-borne encephalitis and relapsing fever).

Provide relevant country-specific and region-specific vaccination according to the risk, including drugs against Neisseria meningitidis, hepatitis A virus and hepatitis B virus, and poliovirus.

Provide antibacterial prevention in specific countries and regions, including malaria and tuberculosis.

Provide antibiotics (such as fluoroquinolones or macrolides) that can be used for self-administration for persistent diarrhea with fever (> 48h), and actively encourage patients to seek medical treatment when the situation occurs.

Immunoglobulin seronegative and high-risk groups of hepatitis A virus infection should consider hepatitis A immunoglobulin, including those who go to areas where hepatitis A virus is prevalent.　

Educate patients and nursing staff as follows:

Understand specific risk areas, focusing on malaria and tuberculosis.

Avoid raw food, eat peelable fruits and vegetables, prevent travelers from diarrhea, and only drink bottled or boiled drinks.

Avoid bad cooking of meat

Avoid close contact or long-term contact with crowded tuberculosis patients and closed environments (such as hospitals or clinics); If you plan to travel, check for tuberculosis (skin or blood) before leaving and after returning home.

Avoid activities that increase the risk of fungal infection (such as digging) to prevent endemic fungal pneumonia.

Detection of infection

　 　 　 　Fever is regarded as the most important sign of infection in patients with multiple myeloma. Patients without fever should be highly suspicious, especially those receiving corticosteroids. It is suggested to obtain the vaccination history, past infection, virus serum status, disease status, recent treatment and related complications of patients to determine possible pathogenic pathogens, and of course, local epidemiology should also be considered.

　 　 　 　It is suggested that patients with febrile neutropenia and patients with infection should start empirical broad-spectrum antibiotic treatment when they are diagnosed and tested. In addition, it is suggested to choose drugs active against Streptococcus pneumoniae and Gram-negative pathogens, especially Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Antibacterials should be recommended according to clinical, imaging and microbiological results.

　 　 　 　Diagnostic tests of infection include complete blood cell count and classification, liver and kidney function examination, electrolyte examination and microscopic examination or culture of blood and other parts according to clinical indications. It is also recommended to obtain rapid pneumococcal antigen detection in urine, blood and cerebrospinal fluid samples when there are indications.

　 　 　 　For patients with respiratory manifestations, it is suggested to scan the chest and sinuses with CT, collect nasopharyngeal samples for respiratory pathogens detection, microscopic examination or culture of respiratory secretions, and detect Legionella urine antigen. For persistent fever with lung infiltration for more than 3-4 days, it is suggested to consider bronchoscopy combined with bronchoalveolar lavage or bronchial biopsy to determine conditional pathogens. Fungal infection markers, such as galactomannan and β-glucan, can be used when there are clinical indications.

　 　 　 　For abdominal symptoms and diarrhea, it is recommended to start using broad-spectrum antibiotics immediately. In addition, it is suggested that the infection of Clostridium difficile can be confirmed by stool samples. If it can be confirmed, it is suggested to add oral vancomycin because its activity is better than metronidazole. There is evidence that fidamycin is at least as effective as oral vancomycin for the confirmed Clostridium difficile infection, and may be related to the lower risk of recurrent infection, especially when it is used as extended pulse therapy for 25 days. Empirical treatment should be considered when severe colitis exists, especially when the infection index of Clostridium difficile is suspected to be high, until the diagnosis and detection results are obtained.

　 　 　 　It is suggested that the abdomen and pelvis should be scanned by CT to find severe focal signs and symptoms. According to local epidemiology, it is suggested to obtain PCR of fecal culture and intestinal pathogens, as well as other tests of intestinal parasites (such as Giardia and Cryptosporidium).

　 　 　 　If the fever persists and the cause is unknown, further diagnostic imaging examination is suggested to determine the existence, location and degree of infection. Once an infection cause is ruled out, other causes of fever diseases related to multiple myeloma should be considered, such as tumor fever, venous thromboembolism, adrenal insufficiency or implantation syndrome synchronized with bone marrow recovery after autologous HSCT. Other patients with stable clinical signs should consider non-infectious causes if their fever persists after the best exploration and antibacterial treatment. Tumor fever should be considered when the concentration of serum LDH and other markers of multiple myeloma in blood and urine increases abnormally. Fever associated with venous thromboembolism should be excluded by Doppler or ultrasound examination of limbs, ventilation or perfusion scanning or CT scanning, especially in patients at risk of venous thromboembolism, such as patients receiving immunomodulatory imide drugs or recombinant erythropoietin, patients with restraint (due to fracture or spinal cord compression) or patients with other known risk factors. Patients with fever of unknown origin should always consider drug-induced fever. Fever under the background of new immunization strategy may also be a symptom of cytokine release syndrome and should be treated appropriately.

Consider infection treatment according to the disease state and treatment period.

Newly diagnosed MM

　 　 　 　Because pneumococcus is a common pathogen when multiple myeloma is first diagnosed, it is suggested that pneumococcus vaccine should be inoculated as soon as possible (Table 2), and if there is fever or other infection, broad-spectrum antibacterial drugs active against pneumococcus should be given.

Induction treatment period of newly diagnosed MM

　 　 　 　A considerable proportion of newly diagnosed patients with multiple myeloma died in the first few months after diagnosis, mainly due to infection complications, so we should actively manage them by starting fast active drugs and treating complications related to multiple myeloma, such as renal failure. Levofloxacin can be considered for antibacterial prevention in the first 3 months of treatment, especially in patients with high risk of early infection, although its benefits are still unknown under the current triple and quadruple treatment strategies (NCCN 2A level). The benefits of using fluoroquinolones (such as levofloxacin) should be weighed, because these drugs are rarely associated with tendinopathy with rupture, especially Achilles tendon. The risk factors of tendinopathy include old age (> 60 years old), concomitant use of corticosteroids and renal insufficiency. Table 3 lists other antibacterial prevention suggestions according to disease stages and anti-tumor treatment types. The use of quinolones should be considered according to the degree and duration of neutropenia.

Autologous HSCT consolidation period

　 　 　 　Multiple myeloma patients with autologous HSCT are at risk of serious infection (mainly bacterial infection), so it is suggested to use antibacterial drugs to prevent it, and the immune deficiency after autologous HSCT may lead to clinically significant infection. It is recommended to monitor infection and prevent pneumocystis carinii for 3 months and prevent herpes simplex virus or varicella zoster virus for 1 year (NCCN 2A level) according to global guidelines. Antibacterial prevention is not a routine practice in all transplant centers around the world. Although its use reduces the incidence of fever and bloodstream infection, it does not translate into a reduction in mortality. Antibacterial prevention also needs to consider the risk of drug resistance.

Maintenance treatment period

Severe infection during maintenance treatment is mainly due to neutropenia, but the risk is low and the mortality rate is lower than 1%.

Treatment period of recurrent MM

　 　 　 　Patients with recurrent and refractory myeloma are at high risk of life-threatening broad-spectrum pathogen infection, including bacterial and viral infections (such as herpes simplex virus or varicella-zoster virus, cytomegalovirus, HBV and HCV). Fungal pneumonia, including invasive pulmonary aspergillosis and pneumocystis, may also occur.

Infection screening

　 　 　 　For relapsed/refractory MM with positive cytomegalovirus serum reaction, it is suggested to detect HBV (cytomegalovirus antigenemia or quantitative PCR) or circulating HBV DNA(NCCN 2B grade) before starting treatment. Patients with high suspicion suggest that serum Aspergillus galactomannan antigen should be tested before symptoms appear to detect invasive pulmonary aspergillosis. The effect of serum (1,3)-β-D- glucan on invasive pulmonary aspergillosis is not clear, but it may be a useful auxiliary means to diagnose pneumocystis disease.

　 　 　 　According to the patient’s serum status, HBV reactivation can lead to severe complications and death in patients with multiple myeloma, and usually occurs after autologous HSCT. In addition, HBV reactivation was rarely observed after treatment with CD38-targeted monoclonal antibody. It is suggested that patients should be managed according to their HBV serum status and the type and duration of immunosuppressive therapy (Table 3). It is suggested that antiviral prevention should be used for patients with HBV reactivation or high risk of disease, or early preemptive treatment should be used for patients with low risk. Only in the presence of clinically relevant diseases (such as cytopenia and cytomegalovirus diseases) can cytomegalovirus disease be treated.

　 　 　 　The effect of chronic HCV on the course of multiple myeloma is not very clear, but it is known that it will be reactivated after chemotherapy, and it may be necessary to reduce or stop taking drugs, but acute liver failure or death is not the outcome of chronic HCV infection. It is suggested that HCV serum status should be evaluated when multiple myeloma is diagnosed, and interferon α-free treatment schemes, such as direct antiviral drugs (such as sofebuvir, cimetivir and redipavir), should be used during the whole treatment period, and serum alanine aminotransferase and HCV viral load should be closely monitored.

Before stem cell mobilization, it is very important to monitor HCV viral load and treat infection. Chronic HCV infection may cause three-line hemocytopenia and lead to poor mobilization. Cancer patients may rarely lose HCV seropositivity, so it is suggested to measure HCV viral load when the patient’s serum status is unknown. It is recommended to seek help from infectious disease experts in complex situations.

vaccine

General principle of multiple myeloma vaccine

　 　 　 　Although the response to vaccination is usually very small, partial protection may still reduce the infection rate and hospitalization rate, but it should also be noted that the duration of benefit is unknown and may vary with vaccination time. Although the safety of most vaccines has not been tested in patients with multiple myeloma, inactivated vaccines such as influenza and pneumococcal vaccines are safe. Patients with multiple myeloma strongly recommend vaccination against Streptococcus pneumoniae and seasonal influenza virus, as well as vaccines necessary for local epidemiology (such as HBV). Splenectomy patients are also vaccinated against Haemophilus influenzae.

　 　 　 　It is suggested that patients with multiple myeloma should be vaccinated with pneumococcal vaccine, including one dose of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13) and another dose of polysaccharide vaccine (PPS V23) at least 8 weeks later. If the patient has been vaccinated with PPSV23 before, it is recommended to be vaccinated with PCV13(NCCN 2A grade; Table 2). The protective titer of pneumococcus is unknown, which may vary according to serotype. If a breakthrough pneumococcal infection occurs after vaccination, it is suggested to try to identify the serotype of the strain to report the non-response to the vaccine (if possible). The purpose of serotype identification is to determine whether this serotype is included in the PCV13 vaccine-for example, patients vaccinated with PCV7 or PCV10. In this case, consider vaccination with PCV13 vaccine.

　 　 　 　Because the antibody response of pneumococcal vaccine may not be ideal, it may be useful to prolong antibiotic prevention in patients with recurrent pneumococcal infection and patients with invasive pneumococcal disease. Although penicillin G is the standard treatment, antibiotics based on strain sensitivity and local drug resistance patterns that have caused invasive pneumococcal diseases in the past can be used. Fluoroquinolones (such as levofloxacin), azithromycin or second-generation penicillin or cephalosporin are reasonable substitutes (NCCN 2B grade). (panel 1)。

　 　 　 　Vaccination against seasonal influenza virus is necessary because cancer patients are at increased risk of infection and death. It is suggested that patients with multiple myeloma be vaccinated with two doses of inactivated tetravalent influenza vaccine instead of standard vaccine, regardless of age (NCCN 2A level). The initial dose should be given as early as possible in the flu season, and the second high-dose booster vaccination should be carried out one month later. For patients with inactivated influenza vaccine in serious adverse events, two doses of recombination vaccines can be considered.

　 　 　 　It is generally recommended to vaccinate against HBV, especially for patients with high risk of virus infection (NCCN 2A level). Other potentially useful vaccines for patients with multiple myeloma include vaccines against Neisseria meningitidis, tetanus, diphtheria and pertussis, and inactivated poliovirus vaccines.

　 　 　 　Because of the increased risk of reactivation of varicella-zoster virus during the treatment of multiple myeloma, vaccination should be considered to reduce the risk of infection and post-herpetic neuralgia. It is suggested that patients with multiple myeloma should be vaccinated with recombinant herpes zoster vaccine instead of live herpes zoster vaccine, because it is safe (that is, non-live vaccine) and can provide higher and longer-lasting prevention of herpes zoster, thus preventing post-herpetic neuralgia (NCCN grade 1). However, even after vaccination, patients treated with proteasome inhibitors or CD38-targeted monoclonal antibodies should continue to receive acyclovir preventive treatment, because the degree of protection provided by vaccination is difficult to assess (NCCN 2A level). Specifically, patients with multiple myeloma have different immune responses and are highly dependent on their immune status, so they cannot be prevented by vaccination alone. For patients who have been vaccinated with live herpes zoster vaccine in the past, it is recommended to vaccinate with 2 doses of recombinant herpes zoster vaccine at least 8 weeks after vaccination.

　 　 　 　Generally speaking, due to the lack of safety or efficacy data, live vaccines are not recommended for patients with multiple myeloma. For patients with MGUS and SMM, considering their relatively healthy immune system, we can consider vaccination with live vaccine. Measles, mumps and rubella vaccines and live herpes zoster vaccine have been used after HSCT. If patients are in remission, they can be considered for use under certain circumstances.

Vaccination of non-immune close contacts

　 　 　 　Patients with multiple myeloma, especially those receiving treatment, may not be able to produce immune response to pathogens, and close contacts vaccinated with inactivated vaccine may also provide group immunity for patients. Therefore, according to vaccination history, age and exposure history, it is suggested that non-immune close contacts should be vaccinated with vaccines that are usually suitable for individuals with normal immune function, and it should be emphasized that inactivated vaccines (NCCN 2A level) should be used. Encourage the medical care and family members of patients with multiple myeloma to receive all designated immunization, especially seasonal influenza virus immunization.

Immunoglobulin substitution

　 　 　 　Immunoglobulin replacement can be administered intravenously, subcutaneously or intramuscularly. Intravenous immunoglobulin is recommended for patients with plateau multiple myeloma who have hypogammaglobulinemia and recurrent bacterial infection and have no response to pneumococcal immunization. However, immunoglobulin substitution supports the scarcity of contemporary data, high cost, limited availability and the possibility of complications (including acute renal failure and cardiovascular events). It is suggested that replacement therapy should be limited to patients with serum IgG concentration below 400 mg/dL and severe and recurrent infection caused by capsular bacteria (or other pathogens reasonably thought to be caused by hypogammaglobulinemia), even with antibacterial prevention and immunization (NCCN 2A level).

　 　 　 　Another potential consideration includes patients with insufficient antibody production, especially pneumococcal vaccine. Using immunoglobulin replacement therapy can only benefit patients infected with pathogens, which may respond according to the specific antibody titer against the target pathogen in intravenous immunoglobulin preparation; For example, it is used for infection caused by severe parvovirus B19 in patients with multiple myeloma.

　 　 　 　When planning to use intravenous immunoglobulin, it is necessary to evaluate the patient’s immune status and infection history (especially recurrent infection), and carry out laboratory examination of immune parameters (including specific antibody response) to determine the patients who can benefit from early intravenous immunoglobulin intervention.

　 　 　 　Immunoglobulin infusion is usually well tolerated, and most reactions are frequency dependent. But serious complications may also occur, including acute renal failure and rare cardiovascular events (such as myocardial infarction, stroke or venous thromboembolism). It is suggested to give standard preoperative medication to reduce the severity of infusion-related reactions, and to replenish water before infusion, especially in patients with hyperviscosity, risk factors of renal complications and receiving sucrose-containing preparations. It is suggested that intravenous immunoglobulin therapy should be started at a slow rate of 0.01 mL/kg/min and gradually increased to a maximum rate of 0.08 mL/kg/min according to the tolerance. If the serum IgA concentration cannot be detected, it is recommended to use intravenous immunoglobulin to remove IgA.

Post-exposure prevention of immunosuppressed MM patients

　 　 　 　 Immunoglobulin prevention may have protective effect on patients with multiple myeloma who are immunosuppressed after exposure to chickenpox, herpes zoster and hepatitis A (NCCN 2B grade). Serious diseases after exposure to herpes zoster, especially chickenpox, are very high, so it is very important to determine the risk level. The infectious stage begins 1-2 days before the rash occurs, so patients can appear several days after exposure. Except the recipients of autologous HSCT, all immunocompromised patients with a history of chickenpox infection can be considered immune. For patients with no history of varicella infection, risk assessment includes determining the susceptibility and exposure duration of patients. Risk factors include recent use of proteasome inhibitors, previous vaccination against varicella, severe immunosuppression, and close face-to-face or indoor contact for more than 1 hour. Post-exposure prevention depends on varicella-zoster immunoglobulin, ideally within 96 hours after exposure, but the benefit can be extended to 10 days. If immunoglobulin of varicella-zoster is not easily available, it is recommended to use acyclovir after exposure. The typical incubation period of chickenpox is 14-16 days. However, since the immunoglobulin of varicella zoster may prolong the incubation period, it is recommended to monitor the evidence of varicella for up to 28 days after exposure in the recipients of this therapy.

　 　 　 　For patients with multiple myeloma who travel to areas where hepatitis A virus is prevalent, it is recommended to give 0.02 mL/kg of hepatitis A immunoglobulin within 2 weeks of travel, and give the initial dose of hepatitis A vaccine. It is recommended to give a dose of hepatitis A immunoglobulin to patients with known exposure.

　 　 　 　For patients who have not been vaccinated against HBV or whose anti-HBV titer is less than 10 IU/L after vaccination, it is suggested to use tenofovir or entecavir for prevention to avoid the need for HBV immunoglobulin.

　 　 　 　Patients may occasionally need tetanus immunoglobulin 138 or human rabies immunoglobulin 139 after specific high-risk exposure. For patients at risk of respiratory syncytial virus infection in virus season, it is not recommended to use intravenous immunoglobulin or palizumab, that is, humanized monoclonal antibody against respiratory syncytial virus F glycoprotein.

Myeloid growth factor

　 　 　 　Prophylactic granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor (granulocyte colony stimulating factor is better) is recommended for patients without fever, and the risk of fever and neutropenia in these patients is at least 20%(NCCN 2A grade). The decision on whether to use granulocyte colony stimulating factor to prevent treatment delay (such as treatment delay related to lenalidomide) should be considered individually. Chronic neutropenia occasionally needs the support of growth factors.

references

1. Jessica Caro, Marc Braunstein, Louis Williams, et al. Inflammation and infection in plasma cell disorders: how pathogens shape the fate of patients. Leukemia . 2022 Feb 2. doi: 10.1038/s41375-021-01506-9.

2. Noopur S Raje, Elias Anaissie,Shaji K Kumar, et al.Consensus guidelines and recommendations for infection prevention in multiple myeloma: a report from the International Myeloma Working Group. Lancet Haematol . 2022 Feb; 9(2):e143-e161. doi: 10.1016/S2352-3026(21)00283-0

　　On September 26th, Luoyang City, Henan Province, the 8th large and medium-sized cities jointly recruited college graduates (autumn). The Luoyang special session of Henan Station roving job fair was held in Henan University of Science and Technology, and job seekers were looking for jobs on the spot. It is reported that this is the largest on-site job fair held in Luoyang this year. Photo courtesy of vision china

　　Employment and epidemic situation make our social pressure intertwined, and all walks of life pay unprecedented attention to the employment of college graduates under the impact of epidemic situation. Before and after the epidemic, did the college graduates’ employment expectation place, employment expectation salary, employment expectation unit nature, employment expectation industry and employment expectation occupation category change?

　　The research group of "Comprehensive Investigation on the Employment Situation of College Graduates in China during the Epidemic Period" led by the author, the key research base of humanities and social sciences of the Ministry of Education, tried to answer the above questions.

　　The research group cooperated with Changsha Yunyan Technology Co., Ltd. and Beijing Xinjincheng Data Technology Co., Ltd. in the important graduation season of college graduates — — From April to June, 2020, a random sampling survey was conducted among college graduates from 34 provincial administrative regions in China. A total of 13,767 students were collected and 13,738 were valid. This survey includes the age group of 18 to 50 years old, and 87% of the sample size is concentrated in the age group of 21-24 years old. There are 1660 college graduates, 11395 undergraduate graduates, and 683 graduate students with master’s degree or above respectively. The universities where the sample data of fresh graduates are located include first-class universities (2.10%), first-class universities with various disciplines (2.30%), national key universities (2.50%), provincial key universities (19.00%), ordinary undergraduate universities (68.90%) and higher vocational colleges (5.10%).

　　The focus of employment has generally shifted to second-tier cities as the most potential winners.

　　Generally speaking, there is little difference in the ideal employment expectation of college graduates in China before and after the COVID-19 epidemic, but the internal structure fluctuates greatly, and the focus of employment expectation moves down slightly. Before the epidemic, the proportion of employment expectations was second-tier cities (31.42%), new first-tier cities (29.15%), prefecture-level cities (18.07%), first-tier cities (14.11%), county towns (5.67%), towns (1.09%) and villages (0.20%). After the epidemic, the selection proportion of employment expectation is second-tier cities (32.13%), new first-tier cities (28.39%), prefecture-level cities (19.66%), first-tier cities (11.56%), county towns (6.50%), towns (1.09%) and villages (0.17%).

　　Before and after the epidemic, the proportion of choosing second-tier cities, prefecture-level cities and county towns as ideal employment expectation places increased slightly, and the rising proportion was prefecture-level cities, county towns and second-tier cities from high to low. The proportion of first-tier cities, new first-tier cities and villages declined slightly, while the proportion of villages and towns was flat. It can be seen that before and after the epidemic, the focus of employment expectation of college graduates in China shifted slightly, and the ratio of outflow and inflow of employment expectation was relatively highest in first-tier cities and prefecture-level cities.

　　The research group further studied the internal changes of employment expectation choices of college graduates, and found that the consistent choices of employment expectation before and after the epidemic were: second-tier cities, prefecture-level cities, new first-tier cities, county towns, first-tier cities, towns and villages. Among them, the relatively highest change rate is the fresh graduates who chose villages before the epidemic, and 65.22% of them changed after the epidemic. Among those who changed, 46.67% chose second-tier cities and 20.00% chose county towns. Secondly, fresh graduates from Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan were selected before the epidemic, and 37.50% of them chose new first-tier cities after the epidemic.

　　Among the cities with employment expectation above prefecture level, the change rate from high to low is first-tier cities, new first-tier cities, prefecture-level cities and second-tier cities, among which the first-tier cities have the highest flow, the new first-tier cities have the highest flow, the second-tier cities have the highest flow, the second-tier cities have the highest flow, and the prefecture-level cities have the highest flow, and the second-tier cities and counties have the highest flow.

　　Generally speaking, second-tier cities are the employment expectation places with the smallest fluctuation, the strongest stability, the least outflow and the relatively high inflow willingness among the employment expectation choices of college graduates before and after the epidemic. It can be seen that the epidemic has shifted the overall employment focus of college graduates, and at the same time, second-tier cities have become the most potential winners in the fluctuation of college graduates’ desire to choose employment places.

　　The expected salary of employment has not changed much, and more than 80% is concentrated in 3001-8000 yuan.

　　Before the epidemic, the expected salary of college graduates in China was 1,000-3,000 yuan, 3,001-5,000 yuan, 5,001-8,000 yuan, 8,001-10,000 yuan, 10,001-15,000 yuan and 15,000 yuan, and the proportions were 4.48%, 40.11% and 41.77% respectively. It can be seen that there is little difference in the overall change of expected salary, and more than 80% of fresh graduates expect salary between 3001-8000 yuan.

　　The research group conducted a study on the internal structural changes in the choice of employment expectation salary for college graduates, and found that the stability of employment expectation salary for graduates before and after the epidemic was more than 15,000 yuan (90.37%), 3,001-5,000 yuan (82.05%), 5,001-8,000 yuan (75.76%) and 8,001-10,000 yuan (61. The proportion of graduates who expected to earn more than 15,000 yuan before the epidemic was the most stable, and the consistency reached more than 90%. Nearly 40% of the graduates whose expected salary before the epidemic was 8,001-15,000 yuan and 1,000-3,000 yuan changed after the epidemic, with the highest change ratio and the worst stability. Among them, the most concentrated fluctuation range is the graduates whose expected salary is 1,000-3,000 yuan. Although 38.79% of the graduates in this group chose another salary after the epidemic, as high as 83.42% of the other candidates chose 3,001-5,000 yuan, with the highest degree of concentration.

　　More than 80% of the fresh graduates’ expected salary is 3,001-8,000 yuan, so it is necessary to focus on the fluctuation of expected salary before and after the epidemic in this range. The research of the research group found that, except the graduates whose expected salary before the epidemic was 3,001-5,000 yuan, the expected salary after the epidemic was 3,001-5,000 yuan, and the expected salary before the epidemic was 1,000-3,000 yuan (32.36%), 5,001-8,000 yuan (17.45%) and 10,000 yuan in descending order. Graduates from other groups with expected employment salary of 5,001-8,000 yuan are selected, and the expected employment salary before the epidemic is 8,001-10,000 yuan (28.18%), 3,001-5,000 yuan (13.23%), 1,000-3,000 yuan (3.31%) and 10,001-10 in descending order.

　　Similarly, graduates from other groups with expected employment salary of 1,000-3,000 yuan after the epidemic were selected, and the expected employment salary before the epidemic was 3,001-5,000 yuan (3.72%), more than 15,000 yuan (1.38%), 5,001-8,000 yuan (0.23%) and 8,001-10,000 yuan in descending order. After the epidemic, the expected salary of other groups of graduates is 8,001-10,000 yuan. From high to low, the expected salary before the epidemic is 10,001-15,000 yuan (24.21%), 5,001-8,000 yuan (5.81%), 15,000 yuan (2.29%) and 1,000-3,000 yuan. After the epidemic, the expected salary for employment was selected as 10,001-15,000 yuan for other graduates. From high to low, the expected salary for employment before the epidemic was 8,001-10,000 yuan (7.23%), more than 15,000 yuan (3.67%), 1,000-3,000 yuan (0.78%) and 5,001-8,000 yuan. After the epidemic, graduates from other groups with expected salary of more than 15,000 were selected. From high to low, the expected salary before the epidemic was 10,001-15,000 yuan (10.32%) and 8,001-10,000 yuan.(1.65%), 1,000-3,000 yuan (1.36%), 5,001-8,000 yuan (0.29%) and 3,001-5,000 yuan (0.15%).

　　The expected salary of college graduates before and after the epidemic remained relatively stable, but it still showed obvious intermediate agglomeration effect of expected salary after the epidemic. Among the graduates with expected salary changes before and after the epidemic, with 5,000 yuan as the boundary, graduates with employment expectation salary below 5,000 yuan before the epidemic mainly increased to 5,000 yuan after the epidemic, while graduates with employment expectation salary above 5,000 yuan before the epidemic mainly decreased to 5,000 yuan after the epidemic.

　　The change of unit is "rational", and the change of "kinship" is the main one.

　　Before the epidemic, the proportion of the nature selection of the employment expectation units of college graduates in China was from high to low: state-owned enterprises (22.24%), junior high school education units (18.44%), medical and health units (13.17%), party and government organs (9.35%), private enterprises (9.21%), other institutions (8.50%) and higher education units (8.50%). Wholly foreign-owned enterprises, 4.90%), scientific research and design units (4.18%), urban communities (0.72%), troops (0.59%) and rural villages (0.33%). After the epidemic, the selection ratio from high to low is state-owned enterprises (21.61%), junior high school education units (18.90%), medical and health units (13.21%), party and government organs (9.84%), private enterprises (9.34%), other institutions (8.92%) and higher education units (7.87%).

　　On the whole, before and after the epidemic, the expected employment units of college graduates were stable and consistent. The proportion of graduates who expected employment units were state-owned enterprises, higher education units, foreign-funded enterprises and scientific research and design units decreased slightly, while the proportion of graduates who expected employment units were junior education units, medical and health units, party and government organs, private enterprises, other institutions, urban communities, troops and rural villages increased slightly, but the change was not significant.

　　Looking through the internal structure of the nature selection of employment expectation units for fresh graduates before and after the epidemic, the research group found that the stability of the nature of employment expectation units is medical and health units, middle and early education units, party and government organs, state-owned enterprises, higher education units, other institutions, private enterprises, scientific research and design units, foreign-funded enterprises, urban communities, troops and rural villages in turn. Among them, before and after the epidemic, the stability of the employment expectation unit of fresh graduates was the worst in rural villages. After the epidemic, 65.79% of the graduates chose another employment expectation unit, and the main flows were urban communities, state-owned enterprises, party and government organs, and junior high school education units. 42.65% of the graduates who expected to choose the army before the epidemic mainly flowed to the party and government organs, middle and early education units, state-owned enterprises and higher education units from high to low after the epidemic.

　　Generally speaking, the changes in the nature of employment expectation units of college graduates before and after the epidemic show the characteristics of "rationalization", and the changes are mainly based on the changes in the nature of "kinship". For example, 25.63% graduates chose state-owned enterprises as the expected employment units before the epidemic, and the changes in the nature of expected units mainly flowed to private enterprises; Before the epidemic, 33.27% chose private enterprises as graduates of expected employment units, and the nature of the expected units changed mainly to state-owned enterprises; Before the epidemic, 12.40% of the graduates were selected from junior high school education units as expected employment units, and the nature of the expected units changed mainly to other institutions and higher education units; Before the epidemic, 28.75% of the graduates chose higher education units as expected employment units, and the nature of the expected units changed mainly to middle and junior education units.

　　Education, health and social work have the smallest fluctuations, and the stability of real estate, accommodation and catering industry is at the bottom.

　　Before the epidemic, the proportion of employment expectations of college graduates in China was education (32.48%). Health and social work (13.14%); Financial industry (8.88%), information transmission, software and information technology services (8.15%); Culture, sports and entertainment (7.04%); Manufacturing (5.67%); Public management, social security and social organizations (4.87%); Scientific research and technical services (2.97%); Electricity, heat, gas and water production and supply industries (2.84%); Agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry and fishery (2.39%); Construction industry (2.17%); Wholesale and retail (1.90%); Transportation, warehousing and postal services (1.61%); Accommodation and catering industry (1.47%); Water conservancy, environment and public facilities management (1.13%); Real estate (0.79%); Leasing and business services (0.71%); Army (0.69%); Residential services, construction and other services (0.48%); Mining industry (0.35%); International organizations (0.27%).

　　Education (33.23%) ranked from high to low after the epidemic. Health and social work (13.42%); Information transmission, software and information technology services (8.11%); Financial industry (7.85%); Culture, sports and entertainment (6.36%); Public management, social security and social organizations (5.72%); Manufacturing (5.59%); Electricity, heat, gas and water production and supply industries (3.02%); Scientific research and technical services (2.81%); Agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry and fishery (2.37%); Construction industry (2.02%); Wholesale and retail (1.87%); Transportation, warehousing and postal services (1.56%); Accommodation and catering industry (1.23%); Water conservancy, environment and public facilities management (1.13%); Army (0.91%); Real estate (0.74%); Leasing and business services (0.67%); Mining industry (0.55%); Residential services, construction and other services (0.54%); International organizations (0.31%).

　　Generally speaking, there is little change before and after the epidemic. Education, health and social work, information transmission, software and information technology services, financial industry, culture, sports and entertainment are the top five most popular employment expectations for college graduates. Leasing and business services, mining, residents’ services, construction and other services, and international organizations are the last four career choices for college graduates.

　　The research group analyzed the internal structure of the choice of employment expectation industries for college graduates in China before and after the epidemic, and found that the stability of employment expectation industries from high to low is: health and social work, education, information transmission, software and information technology services, manufacturing, finance, electricity, heat, gas and water production and supply, public management, social security and social organizations, water conservancy, environment and public facilities management, culture, sports and entertainment, and construction. Scientific research and technical services, transportation, warehousing and postal services, agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry, fishery, military, international organizations, residential services, repairs and other services, wholesale and retail, mining, leasing and business services, accommodation and catering, real estate.

　　Before and after the epidemic, employment expectations were relatively poor in real estate, accommodation and catering, and leasing and business services. After the epidemic, graduates chose education, finance, information transmission, software and information technology services, and the proportion was relatively higher. The education, health and social work industries have become the industries with the least fluctuation, the strongest stability and the least outflow before and after the epidemic, but with the highest inflow willingness.

　　Marketing type jobs have the worst stability, and functional type jobs are the most popular.

　　Before the epidemic, the proportion of career categories that fresh graduates expected from high to low was functional positions (such as administration, personnel and finance, 37.53%), other positions (17.56%), technical research and development positions (such as R&D engineers and testing, 15.32%), management positions (9.95%) and operation planning positions (such as operations, products and operations) The post-epidemic situation is completely consistent with that before the epidemic situation, and the selection ratio from high to low is functional posts (37.65%), other posts (18.08%), technology research and development posts (14.67%), management posts (9.79%), operation planning posts (8.40%), service posts (3.53%) and production operation posts.

　　Among the job categories expected by graduates after the epidemic, the selection proportion of functional posts, other types of posts, marketing posts, service posts and production operation posts increased slightly, while the selection proportion of technology research and development posts, management posts and operation planning posts decreased slightly, but the change was still not significant.

　　Before and after the epidemic, the stability of employment expectations of college graduates from high to low is: other types of jobs, functional types of jobs, technology research and development jobs, operation planning jobs, management types of jobs, service types of jobs, production operation jobs, marketing types of jobs. Among them, the stability of marketing jobs is the worst, with 42.96% of graduates who chose this job before the epidemic, and the expected jobs selected after the epidemic are mainly functional jobs, technology research and development jobs, operation planning jobs and management jobs from high to low. Functional jobs are the most popular occupational category for fresh graduates before and after the epidemic, and the absolute number of job category choices, stability and inflow attraction rate for graduates after the epidemic are the highest.

　　(The author is a professor at Northeast Normal University and a top-notch young talent in the National Ten Thousand Talents Program.)

　　[Global News reporter Zhu Mengying] A number of foreign media just reported that the Elysee Palace announced on the 3rd that Prime Minister Philippe and his government had resigned collectively, and President Macron accepted his resignation request.

　　Agence France-Presse said that the brief statement of the Elysee Palace did not give reasons for resignation, but said that the current government will continue to handle "daily affairs" until a new government is formed.

　　The report mentioned that it was widely expected that the French cabinet would be reorganized after Macron vowed to improve the policy in the last two years of his term. In addition, Philip is currently running for mayor of le havre.

　　Caste is a slightly taboo topic in India. If you talk to Indians about the topic of caste, many people will reply that the caste system has died, but some Indian scholars believe that the caste system can be said to be the core of Indian society to some extent. Today, Indians’ identity cards do not indicate their caste class, but in life, Indians have a set of "skills" to distinguish caste.

　　It’s not reliable to judge a person by his appearance.

　　There are four castes in India: Brahman, Khrushchev, Vedas and sudra, which are arranged from high to low, and some people’s castes belong to the untouchable class, which is called Da Park Jung Su. Tracing back to the source, castes were originally distinguished according to people’s skin color and occupation, and the whiter ones were the superior Aryans, which were high castes; Dark-skinned people are generally inferior or Dravidian, belonging to low caste. The priests and monks are Brahmins, the kings and warriors are Khrushchev, the merchants and craftsmen are Vedas, the peasants and laborers who serve the above three classes are sudra, and da Park Jung Su is engaged in dealing with unclean things such as feces and corpses. However, this was thousands of years ago. With the development and change of society, the division of labor has become more detailed, the migration of people has become more frequent, and the intermarriage between castes has gradually increased, resulting in thousands of sub-castes, such as grazing caste, brewing caste, oil-extracting caste and so on.

　　Nowadays, it is not reliable to judge the caste of Indians only by their skin color or occupation. For example, Modi, the current Prime Minister of India, is relatively fair-skinned among Indians, and he is the head of state. How can he be a Brahman or a Khrushchev class? Wrong! Modi was born in the sub-caste of "Ganqi" in Gujarat, and was an absolute low-caste disadvantaged group. There is a famous Indian singer named Hans Raj Hans. He has a charming long curly hair with a slight golden color, and his skin is as white as that of a European. However, he is a da Park Jung Su.

　　The shoe in hand is Da Park Jung Su.

　　In terms of diet, generally speaking, high-caste people are more vegetarians, while low-caste people are more non-vegetarians. Wealthy Brahmins generally don’t eat and drink. Their diet tends to be light and fresh, and they like to eat fresh fruits and vegetables and grain at that time. The reporter once had lunch with the president of a famous university in India. This meal left a deep impression on the reporter, because it was completely different from the printed meal in the restaurant outside. The meal provided by this Brahmin family was very light and healthy, and even the curry tasted fresh rather than spicy, which can be said to be very in line with the standards of healthy meals in China. On the contrary, some poor families in Da Park Jung Su have a small amount of food and a heavy taste for economic reasons. In addition, among the people who drink alcohol in India, there are more people of low caste, which is probably related to their high-intensity manual labor and more social pressure.

　　In modern cities, it is difficult to distinguish Brahmins from Da Park Jung Su simply by their clothes. In some remote and backward villages or in the past, Da Park Jung Su was still discriminated against in dress. For example, da Park Jung Su was asked to carry a bag with him when he went out in ancient times. The purpose of this bag was to hold their own excrement, for fear that their excrement would pollute the land in the village. In addition, when Da Park Jung Su traveled during the day, he had to ring the bell in advance to remind people to avoid it, because according to the canon, even if people of high caste didn’t touch Da Park Jung Su, just seeing them was also a kind of pollution. Therefore, da Park Jung Su tends to wrap himself more in clothes and expose his face and body as little as possible.

　　Even today, in some villages, if you see someone walking or riding a bike with their shoes in their hands instead of on their feet, it must be Da Park Jung Su. Because according to the regulations, da Park Jung Su must be barefoot and not wear shoes when passing through the residential area of high caste people.

　　From people’s demeanor, we can also see the clues of some caste classes. People with high castes are generally more confident and will look you straight in the eye when they meet; Da Park Jung Su tends to feel inferior and shy, and his eyes twinkle and he looks around or stares at the ground. Take taking photos, for example. The reporter found that most Indians he met liked you to take photos of him/her. What impressed me deeply was that once when taking pictures in the park, some girls were very cheerful and generous, posing in various poses for you to take enough pictures; A woman hiding in a corner in shabby clothes pulled up her scarf to cover her face when the camera was aimed at her.

　　From people’s language and speech, we can’t absolutely tell the caste level, but there is also a problem of probability. People of high caste have a higher chance of receiving a good education and often speak fluent English; However, few people in Park Jung Su have the opportunity to receive a good education. Most of them can’t speak English and can only communicate in the local language.

　　"anonymity" dilutes caste traces

　　It is generally believed that the caste system is based on the teachings of Hinduism and exists only among Hindus who account for more than 80% of India’s population, including many Indians. However, after investigation, the reporter found that the caste system has penetrated into every corner of Indian society for thousands of years. Among Sikhs, Muslims and even Catholics in India, although their teachings advocate equality for all, caste differences and even caste discrimination still exist. An Indian Muslim answered this question very cleverly, saying that "Islam has no caste, but Indian Muslims do".

　　Generally speaking, knowing an Indian’s surname plus some other factors such as occupation, appearance, accent, etc., can basically judge his caste. However, it is not safe to infer caste from surnames. In India, there are also special cases in which Hindus with lower castes convert to other religions and even change their surnames. In the workplace, people will consciously dilute the traces of caste. Some people with relatively low castes like to take some small measures of "anonymity", such as calling themselves "Kumar". The reporter once called the Indian Ministry of Foreign Affairs to find a staff member Kumar. Laughter came from the other end of the phone and said, "There are more than a dozen Kumar in our office. Who do you want?"

　　Organizers have served their sentences in China, and participants intend to apply for "asylum"

　　"Demolition", when the red Chinese character appeared in front of China’s embassies in the United States and Canada in July this year, attracted attention from all walks of life. The so-called "Operation Sparrow" based in Washington is considered as the main planner of these events. Who are the members of this organization? What do they want to achieve by expressing their dissatisfaction? The Global Times reporter recently interviewed the organizers and participants of Operation Sparrow and many Chinese in the United States and Canada, and found that there were only a few main organizations and participants. This "anti-demolition" action overseas is a way for them to prove their existence and attract attention. Meng Xuan, an American Chinese critic, told the Global Times that the purpose of some people’s "suing foreign countries" in the United States is not to solve the problem, but to accumulate capital for "applying for political asylum" and create the illusion of persecution in China.

　　The "pro-democracy" background behind "Sparrow Action"

　　In mid-July, graffiti and slogans with the word "demolition" appeared in front of China’s embassies in the United States and Canada. Hong Kong’s South China Morning Post said that Ma Yongtian, a "visitor" from China, Jilin, admitted that she was responsible for the graffiti in front of the China Embassy in the United States. It is said that Ma Yongtian is a member of the so-called "Sparrow Action" organization, and has been protesting in front of the China Embassy in the United States since July. However, when a reporter from Global Times contacted Ma Yongtian, she said that the word "demolition" was not written by her, but she was "very glad that someone expressed their support for this group in this way". Ma Yongtian, from Jilin, said that her company’s 200-square-meter factory was demolished in 2001, but the compensation was below the standard. In protest, her son joined Operation Sparrow in 2010. When the reporter asked Ma Yongtian what her son was doing now. She said that her son works in Los Angeles and has obtained American citizenship. However, she did not say how her son obtained American citizenship.

　　According to overseas media reports, the Washington-based "Sparrow Action" organization admitted that it was the mastermind of the incident, and the main organizer was a Chinese named Yang Jianli. In an email interview with the Global Times reporter, Yang Jianli said that Operation Sparrow started in March 2010 to protest against some demolition incidents during the Shanghai World Expo. After the World Expo, the first phase of the operation was announced in 2011. In July this year, with the domestic attention to the demolition incident, he organized a second round of actions, including this one to the Chinese Embassy in the United States. Yang Jianli said that "Sparrow Action" is "to safeguard the legitimate rights and interests of citizens", but he also made no secret that "it is also an important political issue".

　　In fact, Yang Jianli, the organizer of "Sparrow Action", was one of the "pro-democracy" figures who fled from the mainland and was elected as the vice chairman of the "NLD". As these people become more and more marginalized in the United States and Europe, they are eager to "do something" and create some noise in the public opinion field to prove their existence. Meng Xuan, an American Chinese critic from Taiwan Province, has dealt with Yang Jianli many times. He told the Global Times that many "pro-democracy" people in the United States have a hard time, and many of them just live in Chinese-inhabited areas such as Flushing in new york. Yang Jianli is one of the more active people in the "pro-democracy movement" in recent years. He takes the upper line, that is, lobbying in Washington. In order to increase his political capital, he secretly returned to China in 2002 and spent several years in prison in China. According to reports, the judgment of the domestic court at that time stated that he was sentenced because "Yang Jianli and others were assigned by Taiwan Province spy organizations to collect China government documents in the United States". In the United States, there are also other "pro-democracy" people who disdain Yang Jianli, saying that "Yang Jianli is ambitious and good at speculation, and his return to prison is only for the sake of his upper position." Meng Xuan said that it is obvious that some Americans eat this set.

　　Many Chinese disapprove of the "Sparrow Action" organized by Yang Jianli, including some "visitors" who also came to the United States to protest against "forced demolition". Xie Jingyuan, who claimed to be a "visitor" from Beijing, said that he had protested at the United Nations for more than two months, and the Beijing municipal government had offered him a satisfactory amount of compensation-plus monetary compensation for his family’s seven houses. However, Xie Jingyuan still said that he did not want to return to China immediately, because he was not at ease until he got the house. He claimed that the pressure of living in the United States was very small, and the rent and living expenses were all sent from home. Xie Jingyuan also said that when they protested in the United States, people from the "pro-democracy movement" came to support them from time to time. "They tried to pull me into the" pro-democracy movement ",but I didn’t agree, because" the "pro-democracy movement" actually had no influence. "

　　"Resisting demolition" has become a new excuse for applying for political asylum.

　　In fact, in front of the United Nations headquarters in new york and China’s embassies and consulates abroad, you can always see such foreign visitors. In Little Square, opposite the United Nations building, people often gather, distribute leaflets to pedestrians, post posters, and sometimes broadcast through loudspeakers, but few pedestrians stop to watch. A Chinese in new york said that one of the people who "sued the foreign countries" earlier was Hu Yan, a Shanghai resident, calling himself an "Expo refugee", saying that during the Shanghai World Expo, the house was "illegally demolished" by the Shanghai Municipal Government. An insider told the Global Times reporter that this person is completely unreasonable. In fact, the Shanghai Municipal Government has given her generous compensation, but she is not satisfied. The insider said that if the China government really wants to crack down, such people will never leave the country.

　　Many local Chinese said that the purpose of these people "suing foreign countries" was to put pressure on the China government and strive for greater economic benefits for themselves, and also to "apply for political asylum". An official of the United Nations said that the United Nations is an international organization composed of 193 countries in the world, serving its member countries, and it is impossible to accept individual complaints. These people are making trouble here, and there must be another purpose.

　　In the United States, in addition to Operation Sparrow, there are many other organizations that visit the people, such as the China Visiting Committee registered in New York State. There are about 10 members in the United States and branches in Japan, Australia and Canada. Ai Furong, a member of the "China Visiting Committee", told the Global Times reporter that most of the "visiting people" are purely for economic demands, and some people stay in the United States in order to get green cards. He said that people who came to the United States to protest all came to the United States through tourist visas and then sought political asylum. If the application is passed, you can get a work visa, and you will have the opportunity to get a green card and become a permanent citizen of the United States.

　　"Someone came to protest that it was also three days of fishing and two days of drying the net. Some people have already solved their problems in China, but they still don’t return home. They want the whole family to live and work here, because they don’t have to worry about no medical insurance, and the pressure of life is relatively small. " Ai furong said.

　　In fact, there are many such people in the United States, Canada and Europe. In the past, some Chinese could get political asylum as soon as they said what they had practiced and what they had taught. The UNHCR reported that among those who sought political asylum in 2011, Afghanistan was the largest source country, followed by China and Iraq; The United States is the first choice for seeking political asylum. A Chinese in new york told reporters that the US Immigration Service cares so much about these people for a simple purpose: hundreds of thousands of cases of political asylum show that China’s human rights record is poor. But Americans don’t know that these people can do anything to achieve their goals. Therefore, overseas Chinese media often appear front-page advertisements-"green card asylum, no charge for failure, full training, buy two and get one free"; There is even a lawyer holding a sign at Los Angeles Airport: "Asylum seekers come with me".

　　In this regard, the US Immigration Service can’t bear it. At the end of 2012, new york dispatched hundreds of police officers, seized dozens of asylum lawyers’ offices suspected of counterfeiting, and arrested many people. Pritt, the U.S. attorney for the Southern District of New York, accused these people of "carefully fabricating lies", and the indictment denounced these people as "novelists" who are good at fabricating nuanced victimization plots. Kuang Zhizhong, a professor who studies Asian Americans and urban affairs at Hunter College in new york, said that many asylum applications received by new york from Chinese were fraudulent. Recently, there have been new excuses for applying for political asylum in the United States, such as "anti-demolition" and "anti-pollution". In fact, China’s embassies in the United States and Canada, as well as consulates in Chinese-inhabited cities such as San Francisco, have always been high-incidence places for street performance art by a few people: in these places, "demonstration kiosks" and large slogans have existed for several years, and the municipal government ordered the removal of the capital "wildfire never quite consumes them". For these, local Chinese have long been accustomed to it and rarely pay attention to it.

　　Many overseas Chinese are very concerned about the social phenomenon in China, and they are also deeply in love and deeply responsible for the corruption and imperfect legal system in China. In the interactive discussion of local Chinese radio and TV stations, a large number of Chinese enthusiastically participated in each discussion, and their views were very diverse, and many criticisms were quite sharp. But even critics don’t agree with this kind of "performance art" Many Chinese believe that "criticism is not a show, and a show is not a criticism." In foreign countries, there are many ways to criticize the China government, and it is not difficult to organize legal demonstrations. This sneaky performance art of the so-called "Sparrow Action" is unnecessary, and it is also easy to remind people of "fake refugees" who "gamble on their identity".

　　Mr. Qing Liu, Deputy Secretary-General of China Association for the Promotion of Peaceful Reunification (USA), told the Global Times reporter that the purpose of "Operation Sparrow" was simply to discredit the China government, and the organizers of the operation had a strong political purpose. After the establishment of the new government in China, it intensified its efforts to punish corruption, and investigated and dealt with a number of lawless elements, including some corrupt elements who used to hold high positions. This shows that the China affair can be completely solved in China, and the intention behind putting these matters on international occasions deserves people’s vigilance. (Reporter Yan Shuang, correspondent in the United Nations, the United States and Canada, Wu Yun, Chen Yiming, Guan Bin)

(Source: People’s Daily Online-Global Times)