From the "follower" of the development of the world Internet to the "leader" of the wave. In the 20th annual meeting of Alibaba, the world Internet giant company with a market value exceeding 400 billion dollars summed up its 20-year development.

　　Coincidentally, if the perspective is enlarged, this expression about role change has also been mentioned by many Internet entrepreneurs in China. From "follower" to "leader", it implies the development of digital China.

　　The world’s largest e-commerce market, the most convenient mobile payment country, and the potential largest 5G commercial market in the future … … The growth history of every enterprise constitutes the development history of digital China, and it is also a contemporary history in which the digital economy has changed people’s lives.

　　Yesterday of Digital China: A Glimpse of the Development of Internet in the Past 20 Years

　　In 1999, 35-year-old Ma Yun returned to Hangzhou from Beijing with his team and started his third venture in a residential building in the West Lakeside Garden Community. "From scratch, from scratch, build a company that we will not regret in this life." Ma Yun made up his mind and founded Alibaba.

　　In the same year, Ma Huateng led the team and launched Instant Messaging Service (OICQ), which is known as QQ today.

　　Li Yanhong, who lives in Silicon Valley in the United States, saw the great development potential of China’s Internet and Chinese search engine services, resolutely quit his high-paying job in Silicon Valley and returned to China to organize Baidu … …

　　No one would have imagined that 20 years later, the three companies established by these three people have the size and influence they have today. The three companies not only bring great convenience to China people’s lives with the help of Internet technology, but also become a banner of China’s Internet on the international stage — — BAT。 People slide the screen, wait for the courier to arrive at home, pick up the mobile phone and communicate face to face across the limitations of time and space. Even with the rapid development of AI, intelligent driving is gradually approaching reality from fantasy … …

　　The hardships at the beginning of starting a business are self-evident. In 2000, after the bursting of the internet bubble, many internet start-ups experienced a period of "kneeling for the winter", and the 18 arhats of Alibaba were "too poor to even afford a car". At that time, Ma Yun was still thinking about how to build Alibaba into a century-old enterprise. He set his sights on the world. "All our competitors are not in China, but in Silicon Valley in the United States." When these advanced concepts sounded in the empty blank room at that time, there was a sense of disobedience. Now it seems that it is the beginning of sowing the seeds of dreams.

　　Alibaba’s early leading products were China suppliers. In 2003, Alibaba made a major strategic choice: set up Taobao to enter the C-end market. That is, from then on, people in China began to learn to use online banking and U shield to buy goods online; Online reply consultation, package, and fill in the face sheet … … Many entrepreneurs have also moved their business online. In 2004, in order to solve the trust problem in Taobao transactions, Alibaba created Alipay, and a complete e-commerce service system began to take shape, which also made online shopping a lifestyle for thousands of households.

　　In the next few years, the development of the Internet has been turbulent and "wars" have continued — — Taobao, Baidu and QQ competed with eBay, Google and MSN respectively. In the end, Ali, Baidu and Tencent gained their own gains and became big players in the fields of e-commerce, search and social interaction. The pattern was initially laid, and they began to change from "followers" to "leaders".

　　Around 2010, on the eve of the outbreak of the mobile Internet, people began to be busy with the mobile terminal. Taobao began to be called "hand scouring", and online shopping was no longer limited to "buy buy buying" in front of the computer, but became "buy buy buying" by picking up the mobile phone anytime and anywhere. Even in the financial report released by Alibaba Group every quarter, it has been paying attention to one data — — "Mobile monthly active users of China retail platform"; After Tencent’s WeChat appeared in 2011, people’s instant messaging is no longer limited to QQ… …

　　Since then, the limelight on the PC side has gradually been replaced by the mobile side. Based on location and smart phones, people can touch almost everything when they slide their thumbs.

　　In 2014, Alibaba was listed on the New York Stock Exchange, becoming the largest IPO in the history of US stocks. In 2016, Ma Yun shouted "five innovations" at Yunqi Conference: new retail, new finance, new energy, new technology and new manufacturing. This has also become a competition field in the Internet rivers and lakes in recent years. They either make the Internet rivers and lakes lively through investment, strategic layout or direct confrontation.

　　In recent years, a new generation of entrepreneurs, represented by Mei Tuan Wang Xing, Didi Chuxing Cheng Wei and Pinduoduo Huang Zheng, have also emerged in more commercial fields. Earlier, on the anniversary of the 20th anniversary of Alibaba, Ma Yun "crossed the baton" to Zhang Yong, the current CEO of Alibaba, which not only marked the benign inheritance of Ali, but also revealed the metabolism of the Internet in China.

　　In the past 20 years, people are surprised to find that China has not only gained e-commerce platforms, mobile social companies and search engine enterprises, but also more and more digital economies including e-commerce, finance, logistics, cloud computing and entertainment. They serve hundreds of millions of users, consumers, tens of millions of small and medium-sized enterprises and more and more government departments and social organizations, profoundly affecting and changing the economy, society and people’s lives.

　　Yang Yiqing, executive director of Zheshang Research Association, said that the continuous emergence of enterprises in the Internet field in China in the past 20 years benefited from always resonating with China’s economy on the same frequency.

　　Today’s Digital China: Release of Kinetic Energy and Broadening of Fields

　　Brush face payment, scan code to take a bus, remote house viewing, live broadcast with goods … … In the past 20 years, with the vigorous development of e-commerce and other fields, we can find the imprint of digital China on contemporary people in all aspects of our lives.

　　Nowadays, the digital tentacles are extending from the fields of e-commerce platform and sharing economy to the dimensions of industrial development and urban governance.

　　Liu Song, vice president of Alibaba Group, believes that the digital kinetic energy is now shifting from the consumption side to the supply side, and today’s digital economy will change production, service and urban governance. "The information development accumulated in China in recent years has laid a solid foundation for the current industrial and digital integration development".

　　In Zhejiang, Zhongce Rubber Group, a tire manufacturing enterprise, introduced Alibaba Cloud’s artificial intelligence ET industrial brain, and matched the optimal rubber synthesis scheme through artificial intelligence, which greatly stabilized the properties of rubber compound and increased the average qualified rate by 3% to 5%.

　　Digitalization injects new kinetic energy into production. Relevant statistics show that the new kinetic energy, represented by intelligence, high-end and high-tech, has contributed more than one-third to China’s economic growth and more than two-thirds to new jobs in cities and towns.

　　Han Xia, director of the Information and Communication Administration Bureau of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, said that the construction of new infrastructure such as 5G and industrial Internet has been continuously strengthened, the pace of information technology innovation and development has been accelerating, and the integration of information technology and industry has been deepening. The whole society’s understanding of accelerating the digital transformation of the real economy has been continuously improved, and the consensus has been continuously condensed, which has opened a new journey for the prosperity and development of China’s digital economy.

　　At the same time, the pace of development of digital China is not limited to the economic field. Digitalization and intelligence are gradually expanding to urban services and social governance.

　　You don’t have to go to the court to file a lawsuit, just move your finger and you can file a case on your mobile phone; If you find a piece of evidence in the middle of the night, you can submit it to the judge immediately by moving your finger; The trial is just around the corner, and you can also attend the trial in real time in a foreign country … …

　　I may not have dared to imagine all this in the past. But today, China people have subverted the traditional mode of litigation: thanks to the era of "mobile Internet", the parties can participate in all aspects of litigation with only one smart phone without going to court.

　　This is the great change brought by the "China Mobile Micro Court" based on the development of WeChat applet. It is this handy little program that allows ordinary people, lawyers and judges to transcend time and space restrictions in judicial activities. People in the judicial circles generally believe that this seemingly uncomplicated innovation can not be underestimated: it obviously promotes litigation justice, reduces litigation costs and improves litigation efficiency.

　　Besides Internet courts and "China Mobile Micro Court", the digital and intelligent tentacles are extending to more fields. According to the Digital China Index Report (2019), the overall level of digital government in China increased steadily in 2018, and the digital government index increased by 32% compared with 2017.

　　A set of data released by Ant Financial also confirms this view. Relying on Alipay APP, government applet access, 90% of the government applets in China have been launched on Alipay, and the number of applications in the past year exceeded 700 million. The digitalization of national government services and urban services is improving significantly.

　　At the same time, digitalization has also promoted the efficiency of coordination within government departments. A recent report jointly released by China Information and Communication Research Institute and Ali Research Institute shows that the "Zhejiang Government Nail" built on the nail social platform has become the largest provincial government mobile office collaboration platform in China. "Zhezheng Nail" has been connected to 255,000 organizations, 162,000 work groups, 1.856 million daily news and 691 online applications.

　　Ma Yun said that he always believed that Alibaba’s greatest value was not profit or scale, but how many problems it could solve and create for the world and the future. Ali has comprehensively laid out and prepared for big data, cloud computing, artificial intelligence and Internet of Things, hoping to lay the foundation for digital transformation in China and even the world.

　　The future of digital China: guiding all-round social upgrading.

　　"Twenty years ago, the Internet just came to China and just affected our work and life; Twenty years later, digital technology has affected social life, business and other aspects. " For a hundred years, oil has pushed the world in the industrial age forward. Nowadays, in the Internet age, big data is referred to as the new "oil". Under the digital revolution, big data will guide the whole society to upgrade and change in all directions.

　　The changes brought by technology to the city have become a problem that scientists and technology promoters think about.

　　In 2016, when thinking about how to control urban congestion, Ali first proposed the concept of "urban data brain". With the approval of the Hangzhou Municipal Government, this project started in an experimental area in Xiaoshan District: Alibaba Cloud engineers used big data and artificial intelligence, and the data "perceived" by smart cameras to adjust the traffic light time, so that ambulance vehicles could pass efficiently.

　　One year later, at the Yunqi Conference, "Urban Brain 1.0" officially met with the world. Nowadays, the urban brain has covered 420 square kilometers of Hangzhou. Through video AI calculation, the city brain can complete a full-area scan every 2 minutes and automatically identify more than 40 road traffic incidents.

　　The urban brain is the intelligent center of the whole city, which can analyze the whole city in real time and optimize the allocation of public resources by using the city’s data resources, and will eventually evolve into super intelligence that can govern the city.

　　At present, more than 20 cities at home and abroad will realize intelligent management through urban brains. By integrating the data of traffic police, traffic, urban management, environmental protection, fire protection and other departments, the urban brain has begun to support the innovative practices of these cities in traffic management, environmental protection, and refined urban management.

　　Wang Jian, the proponent of urban brain, said: "A natural logic and trend is that global cities need to introduce a new infrastructure today, which is ‘ Urban brain ’ . It is rare for China to contribute a new infrastructure to the development of human cities. The Internet is a new infrastructure, computing is a new productivity, and data is a new means of production. "

　　The development of a new generation of information technology has shortened the distance between the world, transformed the circulation of products in more and more fields into data circulation, transformed production into services, and transformed industrial labor into information labor. Internet of Everything is undoubtedly an important key word in the future.

　　"In the future, every urban component in a smart city, every machine, equipment and product manufactured by industrial intelligence, and even every component will have a unique digital identity, which is extremely important and far-reaching for the economic development and social governance of smart society." Ni Guangnan, an academician of China Academy of Engineering, said that the current informatization construction has shifted from internet plus to the stage of "intelligence+"characterized by deep data mining and integrated application.

　　Ni Guangnan said that cloud computing, big data and AI technologies are maturing, and are widely used in the mobile Internet, extending and covering the Internet of Things, including the industrial Internet. The development trend of ternary integration of human, machine and things has taken shape, and information systems, mobile intelligent devices and various networked sensors used by human beings are constantly generating and gathering data.

　　Zhang Yong said that in the future, Alibaba Group will continue to focus on three strategies, namely globalization, domestic demand and big data cloud computing. Globalization is the future. Ali wants to realize global buying, global selling, global payment, global transportation and global play, and help the digital economy infrastructure and ecology go from China to the whole world; Domestic demand is the future of China’s economy, and the future will be an economy driven by consumption and experience. Ali should meet different levels of consumer demand for the vast number of consumers and create new demand through big data; Big data and cloud computing are the source of power. In the era of cloud and Internet of Everything in all industries, Ali will continue to help customers become Internet companies and big data-driven companies.

　　In many ways, the manufacturing industry is facing a great change that has never happened in a hundred years. The application of 5G technology, the landing of artificial intelligence, the substitution of new energy, and the governance of smart cities are promoting cross-border cooperation and building a new intelligent ecology.

　　The report released by BCG predicts that in 2035, the scale of digital economy in China will reach 16 trillion US dollars, and the penetration rate of digital economy will reach 48%. Data is a new factor of production, and the digital economy based on data is an innovative economy, an open economy and a new economy representing the future.

　　From tradition to avant-garde, from breakthrough to nirvana revival, the future has come among us, and digital China has become a powerful engine for us to pursue our dreams. Undoubtedly, today’s Internet development in China has been at the forefront of the world. The waves aroused by data have made a clanging sound in the long river of time, enriching our lives at all times.

　　Digital China, a series of wonderful performances.

　　"Call the elderly together to sell Shenqi pollen tablets, and sell a box of 650 yuan, boasting that it can cure diabetes, hypertension and cerebral infarction, but the medicine box says that it has the functions of benefiting qi, strengthening the spleen and tonifying the lungs. Isn’t this fooling consumers? " On the 22nd, Mr. Yang reported to the hotline of the Party newspaper.　

　　According to Mr. Yang, in early April, a salesman knocked on the door and sent leaflets to his home. "On April 10th, my father went to their promotion site according to the leaflet information. They rented a conference room on the second floor of the building diagonally opposite to RT Mart on Lishan Road, selling Shenqi pollen tablets. My father listened to their introduction that Shenqi pollen tablets can cure many diseases, including diabetes, hypertension and cerebral infarction, so he spent 650 yuan to buy a box. "　

　　The next day, Mr. Yang, who was out, came home and felt something was wrong when he heard his father’s story. He looked at the instructions on the medicine box and found that the medicine box was written with functions and indications: benefiting qi, strengthening spleen and tonifying lung. "This medicine is not my father’s illness at all, how can you eat it indiscriminately? The next day, I went to them to return the medicine. " Mr. Yang said.　

　　Mr. Yang went to the conference room at the sales site and found the person who sold the medicine. "I asked them where the office was, and whether they would rent a venue and leave after they sold it out. They pushed and pushed and didn’t tell me." Mr. Yang feels that once they leave the hotel after the promotion, it is no longer easy to find them. "It is said that they engage in sales activities on a regular basis, and they may rent houses in residential buildings or in other hotels."　

　　"At first, the other party didn’t retreat. Later, I reported it everywhere and they gave it back." Mr. Yang said, "I have verified this drug with the Food and Drug Administration. There are batch numbers and registrations, but it is unreasonable for them to exaggerate the efficacy and mislead consumers in the process of sales. This medicine is just some pollen tablets, which may not hurt people, but it can’t cure the diseases they say. The elderly are not vigilant, and it is impossible to keep all audio and video recordings as evidence of rights protection during the consumption process. Therefore, it is not easy to defend rights in this kind of thing. "　

　　On May 22, the reporter inquired about the drug approval provided by Mr. Yang on the website of the State Food and Drug Administration. The results showed that the drug was produced by Henan Phoenix Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. and the approval date was March 21, 2011. The reporter dialed according to the manufacturer’s phone number on the medicine box provided by Mr. Yang, and the response voice was that the phone was turned off.　

　　How to distinguish the true and false drugs when buying drugs? According to industry insiders, the approval number must be seen on the regular drug packaging: "National Medicine Zhun Zi H (or Z.S.J.B)+8 digits", which means the drugs approved for production and marketing in National Medical Products Administration, and the letter H stands for chemicals, Z proprietary Chinese medicines, S biological products, domestic sub-packaging of J imported drugs and B health care drugs. Or there is a "National Medicine Zhunzi", but when you log in to National Medical Products Administration for data query, you can enter the letters and 8 digits after the "National Medicine Zhunzi" or the name of the drug, but what you can’t find is also a fake drug. If the expiration date is not marked or changed on the packaging of drugs, if the production batch number is not marked or changed, and if the expiration date is exceeded, all drugs are inferior. Patients who encounter such a situation should report to the local food and drug administration.

　　(Reporter Yu Zhang)　

(Editor: Gao Lei)

At the meeting, seven well-known experts from the domestic civil explosive industry were invited to form an expert group, including Professor Lv Chunxu and Professor Liu Dabin from Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Professor Shen Zhaowu from China University of Science and Technology, Researcher Wei Xinxi from the Institute of Safety and Technology of Firearms Industry, Yang Zuyi Zheng Gaogong, member of the expert committee of civil explosive industry, Tang Qiuming Zheng Gaogong from Shijiazhuang Chenggong Electromechanical Co., Ltd. and Zhang Wanlong from Huainan Shuntai Chemical Co., Ltd., with Professor Lu Chunxu from Nanjing University of Science and Technology as the leader of the demonstration expert group.

Liu Yicheng, the second inspector of Anhui Provincial Department of Economy and Information Technology, Li Mingchun, the representative of Fujian Provincial Department of Industry and Information Technology, and Tan Qu Jiancai, the representative of Xizang Autonomous Region Provincial Department of Economy and Information Technology, attended the meeting. Professor Huang Wenyao, the project leader and the School of Chemical Engineering, Yan, the general manager of Fujian Strait Kehua Co., Ltd., suggested that Basang Dunzhu, the general manager of Tibet Gaozheng Civil Explosion Co., Ltd. and other project team members participate in the demonstration and defense.

Meeting place (photo: Liang Hao)

Before the demonstration meeting, Zhang Pingsong delivered a welcome speech on behalf of the school, expressing his gratitude to the Safety Production Department of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology and the experts in the civil explosive industry who participated in the demonstration meeting, introducing the general situation of the school and demonstrating the innovation of the project. He said that the "Development of Ammonium Amine Explosives" project is an important scientific research project independently developed by the school, with the participation of Fujian Strait Kehua Co., Ltd. and Tibet Gaozheng Civil Explosives Co., Ltd., and the innovation of this project lies in the fact that a new type of ammonium amine explosives meeting the performance requirements can be manufactured at room temperature, which realizes the high efficiency of industrial explosive production and the safety of technological process.

During the demonstration session, Xiao Yuehua, the second-level inspector of the Safety Production Department of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, made specific arrangements and work requirements for this demonstration session. She stressed that scientific and technological innovation is very important to lead the development of the civil explosive industry. As the competent department of the industry, it is necessary to encourage and support scientific research institutes and enterprises to strengthen joint scientific and technological research and promote the healthy and rapid development of the industry. On behalf of the project team, Professor Huang Wenyao, the project leader and the School of Chemical Engineering of our school, made a report on the project application of "Development of Ammonium Amine Explosive". He reported in detail the scientific principle, key technologies, process realization and engineering application of the development of Ammonium Amine Explosive, and elaborated the experimental research results and application effects of new explosives in detail. The experts attending the meeting listened to the report of the project team and reviewed the relevant technical documents. After questioning and commenting, they thought that the preparation principle of ammonium amine explosive was scientific and the production process was feasible, which was of great significance to the safe preparation of insensitive and water-resistant industrial explosives at room temperature in China. The experts unanimously agreed that the project passed the review and suggested that it be put on record.

The leaders of scientific research department, School of Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory and members of the project team attended the demonstration meeting.

The project of "Development of Ammonium Ammonium Explosive" is an important scientific research project led by Anhui University of Science and Technology, and jointly developed by Fujian Strait Kehua Co., Ltd. and Tibet Gaozheng Civil Explosive Co., Ltd. The project relies on the transformed invention patent achievement (patent name: a colloidal ammonium ammonium ammonium explosive and its preparation method, patent number: 202211191247.47), which can manufacture industrial explosives meeting performance requirements at room temperature, and has the advantages of high production efficiency and technological process safety. The successful approval of this project filing review means that the patent technology achievements of Anhui University of Science and Technology have been transformed to a new level. It is one of the important scientific research achievements of our school that actively responds to the national policies and moves towards the goals of "safe production" and "energy saving and environmental protection". It is a typical example of deep cooperation between schools and enterprises in Industry-University-Research, and it is also an advanced example of the ammunition engineering and explosion technology specialty in our school showing its characteristics and playing its role in the field of civil explosion.

Project related approval

　　Qingdao Haifeile Company is a scientific and technological enterprise. The professional fluid pneumatic valve products they produce are of excellent quality. They have received a large number of orders from foreign manufacturers and are in urgent need of funds to expand their production capacity. However, it is difficult for enterprises to obtain bank loans because they despise assets and lack collateral. At this time, the innovative patent pledge insurance loan business in Qingdao, Shandong Province, solved their urgent needs, and they pledged loans of 1 million yuan with 10 patents.

　　In Qingdao, there are countless cases of "knowledge-based" capitalization. Under the guidance of the government, insurance companies, banks, guarantee companies, patent agencies, insurance brokerage companies, etc. have jointly established a patent pledge insurance loan service alliance, forming a platform for market-oriented operation and professional services.

　　"The biggest feature of our platform is that the government guides, the market dominates, and the government’s financial funds are not at the bottom, allowing the market to play its closed-loop resource allocation role, thus establishing a long-term mechanism." Liu Jianzhi, director of Qingdao Intellectual Property Affairs Center, said.

　　The platform mentioned by Liu Jianzhi is called "Qingdao Patent Pledge Insurance Loan Alliance". At present, it has gathered 10 banks, 8 insurance companies, 4 guarantee companies, 7 patent service agencies and 1 insurance brokerage company. This platform links hundreds and more small and medium-sized scientific and technological enterprises.

　　"At the beginning of the establishment of the platform, it must be strongly promoted by the government," said Liu Jianzhi, a subsidiary of Qingdao Science and Technology Bureau — — When Qingdao Intellectual Property Affairs Center took the lead in building the patent pledge insurance loan alliance at first, it discussed and studied with financial institutions many times, and only a few service organizations such as banks, insurance, guarantees and intermediaries participated. "Now, the relevant professional service organizations are scrambling to participate, and the key is to solve the common problem of patent pledge loans ‘ Risk control is difficult ’ ‘ Difficult valuation ’ ‘ Difficult to handle ’ And other issues, opened up the market allocation of resources ‘ Ren Du Er Mai ’ " .

　　Why is there this "three difficulties"? There are many reasons, for example, the patent value is difficult to identify, and the evaluation value often deviates greatly from the actual transaction price; Another example is that if something goes wrong, the patent right is difficult to dispose of and realize; In addition, the relevant departments lack a coordination mechanism, and it is difficult for banks to link up the risk control chain alone.

　　Li Yingjie, director of the alliance office, told the reporter, "The alliance first established a collaborative mechanism. At the same time, the new loan model changed the bank’s 100% loan risk to 60%, 20% and 20% shared by insurance, bank and guarantee, which solved the problem that patents are intangible assets and brought high risks to bank loans, and changed the traditional practice that patent pledge financing was generally funded by government financial funds."

　　Li Yingjie introduced that the introduction of insurance is the key to form this chain. To this end, they also solved the problem of incompatibility between the upper regulations of the insurance industry and the banking industry. "The Insurance Law stipulates a 30-day indemnity period, and the overdue penalty interest of the bank generated during the indemnity period of the insurance company does not meet the underwriting conditions. The bank’s "General Rules for Loans" stipulates that overdue penalty interest belongs to the bank’s credit assets, and it cannot be settled without recovery. Through the participation of the guarantee company, we effectively solved this contradiction by using its compensation function to repay first, thus contributing to the successful cooperation between insurance companies and banks and realizing the work goal of insurance inciting bank loans. "

　　Professional services are also the basis for the market-oriented operation of this platform. They have established a risk resolution system of "recommendation, evaluation, responsibility, risk and loan". "Guarantee, insurance and loan" is the chain cycle formed by the above-mentioned guarantee, insurance, banking and other institutions; "recommendation" is mainly recommended by government departments, which is conducive to identifying whether enterprises have moral hazard; "Evaluation" refers to the introduction of patent service agencies, and the traditional patent evaluation is changed to the evaluation of the legal stability, technological advancement and economic growth of patent rights, with special emphasis on the evaluation of the ability of products operated by patented technology to create economic value, which makes banks, insurance, guarantee and other institutions have a clearer understanding of the patents to be pledged and solves the problem of difficult risk control.

　　"The problem of difficult disposal of pledged patents has also been effectively solved." Li Yingjie told reporters that at present, they have formed three modes of disposal, namely, equity swap, patent transaction and judicial auction, and have reserved trading resources such as venture capital institutions and patent trading platforms. "In the process of patent evaluation and due diligence, we have found out the relevant information of competitors of the patented technology pledged by loan enterprises, and targeted disposal is conducive to realizing high-value realization of patent transactions. Of course, our loan companies have not had loan risk problems so far. "

　　However, government departments use limited financial funds to help enterprises alleviate the problem of expensive financing. They reduce the financing cost by subsidizing the discount on patent pledge loans, subsidizing insurance premiums, subsidizing patent evaluation fees and encouraging patent evaluation institutions. Xu Kai, the financial director of Qingdao Runyang Company, calculated an account for the reporter. Their company used the patent right to pledge a loan of 2 million yuan, and the annual loan cost was only 5.3%. However, if they directly went to the bank for a loan, they needed to pay nearly 8% annual interest, "which is equivalent to saving the loan cost by more than 40%".

　　So far, the win-win effect brought by Qingdao patent pledge insurance loan model has been realized. The alliance has formed a positive cycle of marketization: banks, insurance, guarantee and other institutions have achieved low risk and high income; Intermediaries can obtain stable service fees; Science and technology enterprises get much-needed funds; The government has also achieved double growth in employment and tax revenue … …

　　Qingdao, a brand-new patent pledge insurance loan model, is full of vitality because of market-oriented resource allocation. Over the past two years since the implementation of the "Qingdao Model", the service alliance has accepted and completed the loan applications and patent evaluations of 150 enterprises, among which 77 enterprises that have issued loans have obtained a total of 269 million yuan in bank loans, and the accumulated insurance coverage amount is more than 285 million yuan. In fact, the finance allocated more than 7 million yuan, and the financial fund effect was expanded 35 times. "We conducted a follow-up survey of 23 enterprises that lent money in 2016. The income tax paid by them increased by 25% year-on-year, and the enterprises with double growth in sales revenue and profits accounted for 78.26%. There was no loss-making enterprise." Liu Jianzhi said. (Economic Daily China Economic Net reporter Liu Cheng)

　　　　(A) the original achievements made in the frontier field of science
　　　　1. NanoSCIENCE, life science, information science, earth science, mathematics, physics and chemistry have published a series of important papers in first-class magazines of science, NATURE and related disciplines, occupying an important place in the world.

　　　　Nonlinear optical crystals, quantum information and communication, and ultra-strong and ultra-short lasers are among the top in the world. A series of innovative achievements have been made in the fields of nanomaterials and nanostructures, protein’s structure and function, brain and cognition, animal cloning, molecular engineering for creating new substances, paleontology, marine science, etc., and the overall research level has been significantly improved, which has had an important impact in the world; Mathematical mechanization, symplectic geometry algorithm and other aspects to maintain China’s characteristics and advantages.

　　　　2. The research of nonlinear optical crystals keeps the leading position in the world.

　　　　Innovative achievements have been made in the design and growth of ultraviolet and deep ultraviolet nonlinear optical crystals and the development of prototype lasers. The fully transparent KBBF single crystal of 20×10×1.8mm3 was successfully grown, which broke through the limit that the thickness of the crystal never exceeded 1mm in the past. KBBF prism coupling technology is put forward for the first time in the world, which realizes the effective output of deep ultraviolet laser from 200 nm to 193 nm, thus jumping over the technical threshold of realizing deep ultraviolet frequency doubling light output and taking an important step towards the realization of the fourth generation light source, which will have a far-reaching impact on the competition of optoelectronic industry in the future.

　　　　3. Quantum information and communication research has achieved a number of important innovations with international influence.

　　　　In the research of preparation and manipulation of multi-particle entangled states, the preparation and manipulation of five-particle entangled states were realized for the first time in the world, and the teleportation of quantum states with "open terminal" was demonstrated experimentally by using a five-photon entangled source, which was rated as one of the top ten advances in international physics in 2004 by american physical society and European physics at the same time. In the aspect of quantum key distribution, an experimental scheme of quantum key distribution with good one-way transmission stability is designed, and a 150 km indoor quantum key distribution experiment is realized. Using the actual communication optical cable, the quantum key distribution with a length of 125 kilometers from Beijing to Tianjin via Xianghe, Hebei Province is realized.

　　　　4. The research of ultra-intense and ultra-short laser is in the forefront of the world.

　　　　Great progress has been made in the development of new principles and methods of CPA’s new generation ultra-short laser and the integration and innovation of miniaturized OPCPA ultra-short laser system, and the output power of 3.67TW has been achieved, and the CPA ultra-short laser device with high beam quality and world-class overall performance has been successfully developed. On this basis, a new phenomenon of double-peak splitting of high-order harmonic spectrum is observed experimentally for the first time, and a new mechanism of generating high-intensity correlated atomic beams by quantum coherent control of atomic system is proposed. The theoretical model and calculation method of non-perturbation quantum electrodynamics of strong-field interaction are established and applied to explain and predict the experimental phenomena of strong-field laser physics.

　　　　5. The research on nano-materials and nano-structures has made a series of innovative achievements, which is at the forefront of the world.

　　　　In the research of carbon nanotubes, the technology of preparing single-walled carbon nanotubes by combining template with organic catalytic pyrolysis is considered by foreign counterparts as one of the four main preparation methods of carbon nanotubes at present. The growth process of carbon nanotubes was proved by isotope labeling method, ultrafine carbon nanotubes were prepared by secondary discharge method, carbon nanotube wires were drawn by superparamagnetic carbon nanotube array, and preparation methods of double-walled nanotubes by floating catalysis method and large-scale preparation of carbon nanotubes by alcohol thermal reduction method were developed. In the preparation of ordered array of one-dimensional nanowires of GaN single crystal, coaxial nano-cables with the core of GaN and the outer layer of BN and the diameter of 50nm have been successfully developed, and the world’s thinnest probe with good performance has been assembled by using single-walled carbon nanotubes, which has had an important impact in the world. The work of polarized incandescent spectrum of carbon nanotube filament opens up a new way for the application of carbon nanotube in lighting field. It is found that the deformation process of bulk nano-copper is mainly controlled by grain boundary behavior rather than traditional lattice dislocation behavior. It is found that the twin interface induces the high strength and high conductivity of nano-copper, which shows that the material properties can be optimized through the structural design on the nano-scale. A new principle of binary synergism to produce superhydrophobicity is put forward, and interface structural materials with bionic superhydrophobicity function are designed and synthesized, and the "switching effect" of superhydrophobicity/superhydrophilicity reversible transformation controlled by temperature field and light field is found. Lead thin films with atomic flatness were successfully prepared on silicon single crystal substrate by low temperature growth method.It is also observed that the superconducting transition temperature and thermal expansion coefficient of lead thin films oscillate with the thickness of the films and other strange material properties.

　　　　6. A breakthrough was made in the study of protein’s structure and function.

　　　　The 3-D structure analysis of spinach light-harvesting complex (LHCII) with resolution of 2.72 was obtained for the first time. This is the first 3-D structure analysis of LHC II at atomic level so far, which is considered as a breakthrough in photosynthesis research in recent years. The research results were published in the journal NATURE in the form of an article. The crystal structure of mitochondrial respiratory chain membrane protein complex II and its inhibitor complex was successfully analyzed, which filled a blank in the study of mitochondrial respiratory chain and provided a real and available model for studying the electron transfer system of mitochondrial respiratory chain and human mitochondrial diseases related to this complex. The research results were published in CELL magazine.

　　　　7. Breakthrough in brain science research

　　　　A number of innovative achievements have been made in brain cognition, nerve signal transmission and nerve growth, and a number of important papers have been published in internationally renowned journals such as SCIENCE, NATURE and NEURON. The research on the choice of Drosophila in the face of dilemma clues has been initiated internationally. It is found that Drosophila can learn multiple clues of visual mode to guide flight orientation behavior, and it is proved that the mushroom body of Drosophila brain participates in the choice process, which provides a simpler model organism and a new choice paradigm for understanding this intelligent behavior of brain. In the study of the regulation mechanism of some basic processes of nerve development, it is found that a protein kinase called CSK has polarity in the development of nerve cells, and its activity in axons is lower than that in dendrites, which controls the polarity of nerve cells. In the research of cognitive science, the initial perception theory of topological properties is put forward, which challenges the dominant feature analysis theory for half a century. Further research has found the biological evidence of magnetic resonance imaging to support this theory.

　　　　8. Successful birth of transgenic intergeneric cloned fish.

　　　　It marks a new breakthrough in the basic research field of animal cloning in China. Intergeneric nuclear transfer was carried out with the blastocyst cells of the transgenic red carp (Cyprinus carpio var. rubra) with MThGH F4 as the donor and the enucleated eggs of goldfish as the recipient, and the transgenic inter-generic cloned fish was successfully obtained, and the new evidence that cytoplasm affected the development of cloned fish was found at the molecular level for the first time.

　　　　9. Important new breakthroughs have been made in immunology research.

　　　　A new DC subgroup with special negative immune regulation function was found, which challenged the traditional theory that mature DC no longer proliferated in traditional immunology, and was helpful to deeply understand the mechanism of immune response and the pathogenesis of many diseases.

　　　　10. Molecular engineering to create new substances

　　　　It has gathered 5 academicians in this field, 14 winners of the National Outstanding Youth Fund and 3 "innovative research groups" to carry out innovative research, made high-level research results, and published more than 40 papers in international authoritative magazines in the chemical field such as SCIENCE, NATURE, ACCOUNT OF CHEMICAL RESEARCH and JACS, which has had an important impact internationally.

　　　　11. Paleontological research

　　　　Based on the abundant paleontological data in China, a series of important discoveries and innovative achievements have been made in the origin of important biological groups such as metazoa, vertebrates and birds, the Cambrian biological explosion, the biological radiation in Paleozoic, Mesozoic and Cenozoic, the three biological extinctions in Paleozoic and their subsequent recovery, and the exploration of the basic laws of the co-evolution of biology and environment. The first author published 32 papers in SCIENCE and NATURE, which attracted great attention from international academic circles. Among them, the research on "Chengjiang Fauna and Cambrian Outbreak" won the first prize of National Natural Science Award in 2003; The Paibi section of Huayuan, Hunan Province was established as the first global boundary stratotype section ("Golden Nail") in Cambrian.

　　　　12. Qinghai-Tibet Plateau evolution and environmental effects

　　　　New views are put forward on the collision time limit, process and collision mode of the northern and southern edges of the plateau in India. High-resolution environmental records in different areas of the plateau have been established, revealing the characteristics of climate and environment changes in the past 20 thousand years, especially in the last 2000 years. The relationship between the uplift of Himalayas and Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and Asian monsoon climate is studied comprehensively and systematically for the first time. The results show that the uplift of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau 10-8 million years ago led to the emergence of the Asian monsoon, and the accelerated uplift of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau 3.6-2.6 million years ago laid the basic framework of the Asian monsoon climate. It shows that the evolution of Asian monsoon is closely related to the periodic uplift of plateau.

　　　　13. Many breakthroughs have been made in the deep subduction of the mainland.

　　　　The continuous material composition, three-dimensional structure, material exchange between crust and mantle and geophysical state in the deep part of plate convergence boundary are revealed. It is proved that there was an important geological event in geological history when the plate carried a huge amount of material and dived deep into the mantle below 100 kilometers. It is found that the instability caused by dehydration of structural water (OH) in eclogite minerals can induce fractures and cause high-temperature earthquakes, which explains the cause of deep earthquakes in mantle transition zone. This achievement was published in NATURE magazine in 2004.

　　　　14. Marine scientific research

　　　　The theoretical framework of China’s offshore ecosystem dynamics is established, and it is the first time to establish a theoretical framework based on the ecosystem level. The quota fishing assessment and management model, taking fish as an example, found that the strategy of Daphnia sinensis to spend the summer in the shallow sea of temperate continental shelf is considered as one of the representative research achievements since the implementation of the international Global Marine Ecosystem Dynamics (GLOBEC) plan. At the invitation of members of the GLOBEC Scientific Steering Committee and the North Pacific Scientific Organization (PICES), it was reported at international scientific conferences many times, which had a great impact. In terms of the formation mechanism and variation of offshore circulation, the formation mechanism of Kuroshio "multi-core structure" in the East China Sea is revealed. It is found that the circulation exists in the outer shelf of the southern East China Sea, and the distribution and variation of "flow-vortex structure" are simulated. The evolution law of "multi-vortex structure" of South China Sea circulation is expounded. A wind-wave-tide-current coupled numerical model is developed.

　　　　15. Research on Mathematical Mechanization Method

　　　　This paper proves the "finite kernel" theorem of global optimization of a certain algebraic system, gives a complete global optimization method for this kind of system, provides a new method for global optimization in many scientific fields, and completes the automatic reasoning platform of mathematical mechanization. It is proved theoretically that any reversible linear transformation can be realized by integer, and a necessary and sufficient condition and a fast algorithm for integer realization are given. The "multi-component transformation" technology based on this theory has been adopted by the international standard of JPEG2000 image compression.

　　　　16. Large-scale scientific computing research

　　　　The adaptive algorithm, symplectic algorithm and multi-scale algorithm suitable for solving large partial differential equations are developed. Symplectic algorithm is used to assimilate atmospheric and ocean GPS data for the first time, and a new generation atmospheric circulation model GAMIL1.0 is established.

　　　　17. Research on high performance optimization algorithm

　　　　An innovative method that can quickly find the effective solution space and algorithm is developed, which improves the quality of stable solution and the calculation speed of solving very large-scale examples of the same scale traveling salesman problem by one order of magnitude respectively. Large-scale optimization algorithms such as multi-space search are developed and applied to Internet search, mobile communication and multimedia communication systems, VLSI design, intelligent power information management systems and other technical fields.

　　　　(B) the source of innovation in basic theory
　　　　1. Basic theoretical research on solidification and crystallization control of steel.

　　　　It is found that the regulation of grain refinement in metallurgical process can greatly improve the strength of steel. A new generation of steel materials developed by systematically integrating high clean steel production technology, high homogeneous solidification structure technology and deformation-induced transformation structure refinement technology is characterized by high cleanliness, high homogeneity and ultra-fine structure, and its strength is about twice that of ordinary materials at present. The achievements have been partially applied to automobile, construction and other industries, and are regarded by domestic metallurgical circles as a "revolution" to promote the structural adjustment, product upgrading and improve the technical level of the steel industry.

　　　　2. Key problems in industrial production of high performance polyolefin materials.

　　　　Based on the relationship between polymer chain structure and processability, this paper puts forward the theory of analyzing the flow stability of biaxial stretching, introduces rheological research into the improvement of polyolefin processability, designs the chain structure of BOPP film special material suitable for high-speed stretching, and develops an ultra-high-speed BOPP special material with a capacity of 400 m/min without basically changing the existing production equipment conditions, and the product quality exceeds that of imported products.

　　　　3. The theory and technology of diaspore bauxite reverse flotation are established for the first time in the world.

　　　　The principle of changing the interfacial interaction force between aluminum and silicon minerals to control dispersion is put forward, the structural model of high-efficiency collector for aluminosilicate minerals and the new idea of activated flotation are put forward, and the desilication technology prototype of "controlling dispersion-selective inhibition-enhanced collection" and the desilication technology of selective grinding-agglomeration positive flotation are formed. The original flotation desilication method and the improved Bayer process may expand the available bauxite resources in China by 2-5 times.

　　　　4. Some breakthroughs have been made in the research of optoelectronic devices, optical storage and information functional materials, and a series of achievements with independent intellectual property rights have been made.

　　　　In the research of quantum cascade lasers and detectors, gallium arsenic/aluminum gallium arsenic quantum cascade lasers and the world’s first short cavity single-mode strain compensation indium gallium arsenic/indium aluminum arsenic quantum cascade laser have been successfully developed, and the world’s first gallium indium nitrogen arsenic/gallium arsenic multi-quantum well resonant cavity enhancement detector has been developed. These achievements indicate that the research level of GaAs-based near-infrared optoelectronic materials and devices in China has entered the world’s advanced ranks. In the aspect of optical storage, a new generation of optical storage technology is developed by using multi-wavelength and multi-order optical storage method, which can greatly improve the storage density and capacity of optical disks without changing the numerical aperture of optical systems, thus doubling the capacity of optical disks and opening up a new way for establishing the optical disk industry with independent intellectual property rights in China. In the research of semiconductor optical amplifier, the polarization insensitive semiconductor optical amplifier with graded strain active region is proposed and fabricated for the first time in the world, and the semiconductor optical amplifier is fabricated by alternately growing tensile strain quantum wells and compressive strain quasi-materials for the first time. In the aspect of organic small molecule fluorescent materials, a series of phenol pyridine complexes with independent intellectual property rights were designed and synthesized. Breaking through the framework of studying microwave dielectric ceramics in traditional perovskite compounds, a new system of K2NiF4 MRAlO4 microwave dielectric ceramics with independent intellectual property rights was developed.

　　　　5. A series of outstanding progress has been made in the research of micro-nano electronic materials and devices and micro-electromechanical systems.

　　　　In the research of miniaturization of silicon-based integrated devices, a new CMOS device with a gate length of 27nm and a CMOS32 frequency division circuit with a gate length of 36nm have been successfully developed, which marks a new step in the research of chip miniaturization in China. In the research of compound semiconductor electronic devices, a PHEMT transistor with cutoff frequency exceeding 100GHz was successfully obtained, which laid the foundation for the development of InP-based devices in China. In the research of field emission flat panel display, silicon nanowire cold cathode with grid structure and WO3 nanowire cold cathode array have been developed, and the research results are first reported at home and abroad. The energy transfer model of thin air damping is proposed by integrating the research of MEMS. DBao model and air damping model of MEMS orifice plate structure? D modified Reynolds equation; According to the characteristics of MEMS structure, a new dynamic equation is established, and a micro inertial sensor with independent intellectual property rights is developed and applied.

　　　　(3) A number of key scientific problems have been solved in energy, resources and environment.
　　　　1. Many innovations have been made in efficient and clean utilization of fossil energy.

　　　　On the basis of revealing the mechanism of calcium-based desulfurization promoted by water, the medium temperature flue gas desulfurization technology was developed, and the desulfurization efficiency could reach 85-95% with only 4% water equivalent to wet desulfurization technology. The mechanism of plasma NOx reduction reaction is put forward and proved, and the new technology of NOx removal developed on this basis has been preliminarily popularized and applied. The basic research on catalysis for the optimal utilization of natural gas and coalbed methane pioneered the application theory and technology of ultraviolet Raman spectroscopy in in-situ and dynamic characterization of catalysis in the world, which was widely recognized by peers at home and abroad. The technology of preparing low-carbon olefins from synthetic gas made from natural gas and coal gasification by methanol and dimethyl ether was successful. A theory of anaerobic activation of methane is put forward, which opens up a new way to prepare chemical raw materials and hydrogen from natural gas.

　　　　2. Petroleum exploration and development and enhanced oil recovery

　　　　The grading evaluation method and index system of carbonate oil and gas source rocks are established, and four distribution prediction models and two development models of marine source rocks in China superimposed basin are put forward. It is put forward that the lower limit of organic matter abundance of carbonate rocks as source rocks is TOC=0.5%, which has played an important role in the new round of oil and gas resources evaluation as a new standard of China Petroleum and China Petrochemical Company. The relationship between the structure and performance of surfactant for oil displacement is mastered from the molecular scale, and the molecular design criteria of surfactant for oil displacement are put forward for the first time. The cheap, efficient and pollution-free alkylbenzene sulfonate surfactant products for oil displacement with independent intellectual property rights are designed and produced. The field test in Daqing Oilfield shows that the recovery ratio is 15-20% higher than that of water flooding, and the cost is significantly reduced. In the exploration and development of natural gas reservoirs, wavelet analysis and multi-attribute quantitative prediction methods are used for the first time to effectively predict the gas-bearing characteristics of reservoirs and improve the success rate of drilling. The research results are initially applied to the study of gas reservoir identification in Sulige gas field.

　　　　3. Research on strategic mineral resources

　　　　Around the eastern Pacific Rim metallogenic domain, the Mesozoic-Cenozoic and Late Paleozoic continental metallogenic theories were initially established, a number of new technologies and methods for prospecting and prediction were developed, and a series of target areas of large mines and large ore concentration areas were put forward, which were successively included in the preliminary risk exploration by China Geological Survey. In the area of Paleo-Tethys metallogenic domain, the geological map and structural outline map of the main collision zone of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau have been compiled, a new model of tectonic evolution in collision orogeny process has been preliminarily put forward, and a new theoretical framework of continental collision orogeny has been established.

　　　　4. Ecological environment

　　　　Aiming at the arid and semi-arid areas in the north, the relationship between the long-term evolution of Asian monsoon and the drought in the north and related evidence are systematically analyzed, and the integrated model of regional environmental system is established, which provides an effective tool for drought prediction and virtual experiment of "orderly human activities", and the forecast report of drought development trend has been paid attention to by relevant government departments. In the aspect of the evolution and regulation of ecological environment in the western arid area, the ecological construction and sustainable agriculture paradigm of the mountain-oasis-desert system in the northern Tianshan Mountains and the ecological division in the northwest arid area are put forward, and the technical integration of major engineering protection system construction in the desert area is established, which provides support for the protection of the Tarim desert highway and the desert section of the Xinjiang North-South Water Transfer Project. The relationship between soil quality and erosion, acidification and acid deposition, and gas exchange at soil-air interface was deeply studied, and the viewpoint that paddy field ecosystem is an environmentally friendly and sustainable agricultural ecosystem in Taihu Lake area was put forward. Based on this viewpoint, the proposal of "protecting artificial wetland-paddy field in Taihu Lake basin" was adopted by Suzhou Municipal Government.

　　　　5. Prevention and control of environmental pollution

　　　　A comprehensive monitoring of air pollution in Beijing and its surrounding areas was carried out, especially the observation of air-water-soil interaction, urban building development, and the influence of U-shaped topography on the strengthening of heat island. A number of accurate quantitative results were obtained, which provided scientific basis for improving forecasting ability, pollution control decision-making, early warning of pollution and monitoring system design. It was highly evaluated by the World Meteorological Organization and was rated as one of only two pilot demonstration projects in the world.

　　　　6. Formation mechanism and prediction of harmful red tide in China’s offshore waters.

　　　　The discovery of a large-scale harmful red tide of Alexandrium in the East China Sea for the first time confirmed the important role of key physical ocean processes in the formation of red tide in the East China Sea, and initially revealed the potential harm and harm mechanism of large-scale red tide in the East China Sea. In 2005, a large-scale red tide was found in the waters with high incidence of red tide in the East China Sea, and some suggestions on red tide prevention and control were put forward for reference by relevant departments.

　　　　7. Formation mechanism and prediction of major disasters

　　　　This paper reveals the basic fact that strong earthquakes in Chinese mainland are controlled by the movement of active blocks and concentrated on the boundaries of active blocks, obtains a preliminary understanding of the process of strong earthquakes in mainland China, develops the method of medium and long-term strong earthquake prediction, and gives the prediction of strong earthquake risk areas in Chinese mainland in the next 10 years. A large-scale scientific experiment of intensive observation of rainstorm in the field was carried out, and a multi-scale physical model and a synoptic model of Meiyu front rainstorm were put forward, and a mesoscale numerical forecast model system with three-dimensional variational assimilation scheme suitable for China was developed. Based on some important climate theories, such as "Monsoon-Warm Pool -ENSO Cycle Interaction Theory" and "Atmospheric Thermal Adaptation Theory", the inter-seasonal and annual prediction experiments of climate anomalies in East Asia were carried out, and the evolution of La Nina event and the severe drought climate in North China were successfully predicted. A cross-seasonal climate numerical prediction system is proposed, and an 18-layer new atmospheric circulation numerical model framework is designed, which provides a basis for the updating of China’s climate numerical model.

　　　　(4) The level of basic research in the fields of agriculture, population and health has been significantly improved.
　　　　1. Basic research on functional genomics and molecular improvement of agricultural animals and plants.

　　　　The important gene MOC1 related to rice tillering formation was cloned for the first time. This achievement is one of the most important discoveries in the field of plant morphogenesis, especially lateral branch formation in recent years, and its application in agricultural production is of great significance to improve the yield of Gramineae crops such as rice. The BC1 gene directly involved in rice cellulose synthesis and regulation was cloned. The study showed that it was of great significance to regulate the stem and leaf strength of Gramineae plants, make efficient and rational use of plant stems and improve the utilization rate of crop resources. Successfully cloned pig FSH-β gene, which was the first in the world to be found as a major gene or genetic marker affecting the litter size of pigs. The application of this achievement greatly accelerated the breeding speed of excellent pig breeds.

　　　　2. Efficient utilization of agricultural resources

　　　　The core germplasm of rice, wheat and soybean with 5% samples representing more than 85% genetic diversity was constructed for the first time in the world, which laid an important foundation for deepening the research of germplasm resources and crop breeding in China. In the study on the interaction of gene regulation level of photosynthesis and nitrogen fixation, it was found that HetR, the key protein in charge of heterotopic cell development in cyanobacteria, could form dimer, which could regulate the gene expression level by combining the DNA of the target gene, and put forward a gene regulation model affecting the new nitrogen fixation efficiency, which laid a theoretical foundation for improving the nitrogen utilization efficiency of crops. In the research of plant drought resistance mechanism, it is found that the stomatal oscillation can be caused by regulating the atmospheric water deficit. According to this principle, a stomatal oscillation drought-resistant agent was developed. Field experiments show that the crop yield in semi-arid areas with annual rainfall of about 300 mm can be 1 to 2 times higher than that in the control in large and medium drought years, which is of great significance to agricultural production in arid and semi-arid areas of China.

　　　　3. Agricultural ecological security

　　　　The biotype of Bemisia tabaci in China was identified at the molecular level, the rapid molecular detection technology of Phytophthora sojae was successfully developed, and the risk of wheat dwarf smut (TCK) invading China was systematically studied, which provided scientific basis and technical support for the negotiation of wheat import and quality inspection and quarantine in China. It is found for the first time that the change of insect resistance is related to the mutation of functional sites related to acetylcholine receptor. This achievement can not only guide the development of new molecular detection technology for drug resistance, but also provide theoretical basis for drug resistance management, and at the same time provide new ideas and new ways for molecular design of efficient and safe pesticides. A class of highly active nicotine compound IPP-44 with novel structure and independent intellectual property rights was successfully developed, and the adaptive defect mechanism of point mutation D421 and AChE resistance allele related to organophosphorus and carbamate resistance was found. It is found that highly pathogenic avian influenza virus has gradually acquired the ability to infect mammals, and it is proved that its pathogenicity to mice is closely related to the 701st amino acid of PB2 protein, which lays a foundation for further understanding the molecular mechanism of cross-species transmission of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus.

　　　　4. Major breakthroughs have been made in the localization, cloning and functional research of disease-causing genes.

　　　　In the aspect of monogenic diseases, the essential pathogenic gene of hereditary milk Koga was cloned, and the essence of hereditary milk Koga caused by mutation of DSPP gene was clarified. The pathogenic gene of type A-1 short finger disease was cloned, and the role of IHH gene in causing human genetic diseases was clarified. The pathogenic gene of atrial fibrillation was cloned, which explained the pathogenesis of atrial fibrillation caused by multiple pathway reentry. In the aspect of polygenic diseases, it was found that the susceptibility gene of nasopharyngeal carcinoma exists in the region of 4p15.1 -4q12 on human chromosome 4, which proved the genetic susceptibility of nasopharyngeal carcinoma for the first time. It was found that the gene expression of primary tumor and metastatic tumor was highly consistent between liver cancer and gastric cancer, which showed that tumor metastasis had no obvious relationship with tumor size and capsule integrity, but was related to gene expression of tumor itself. The preliminary evidence that PRKCZ is a susceptibility gene for type 2 diabetes mellitus is provided.

　　　　5. Significant progress has been made in the treatment and research of major diseases.

　　　　Studies on the pathogenesis of acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) show that the disease has a specific chromosome heterotopic t(15; 17) PML caused? DRARα fusion protein and all-trans retinoic acid can induce APL cell differentiation, while arsenic trioxide can selectively induce apoptosis, and their targets are PML? DRARα fusion protein, clinical research shows that the application of two drugs combined with targeted therapy makes the initial APL the first curable adult leukemia, which has been widely used. Active immunotherapy for anti-tumor angiogenesis can induce autoimmune reaction against tumor angiogenesis in mice, showing anti-tumor activity, which provides a new idea for tumor vaccine development and tumor treatment.

　　　　6. Basic research on important infectious diseases

　　　　Complete the whole genome sequencing of four representative strains of Shigella dysenteriae; Determine the transmission route of HIV epidemic in China from the molecular level; The three-dimensional structure of the main protease (3CLpro) of SARS coronavirus was firstly analyzed in the world, and the precise mode of binding 3CLpro to substrate was revealed, which opened up a new way for developing drugs for preventing and treating SARS coronavirus.

　　　　7. Reproductive health

　　　　Bin1b, the first natural antimicrobial peptide gene in reproductive system, was cloned for the first time. It was found that this gene can start the movement of sperm in epididymis head, thus revealing the important cause of sperm from inactive state to active state, and providing clues for the design of male contraceptives and the diagnosis and treatment of male infertility. It was found that the mutation of cystic fibrosis (CF) transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene hindered the secretion of HCO3- in uterine epithelium, which affected sperm capacitation and fertilization, and revealed the infertility mechanism of this kind of patients.

　　　　8. Innovative drug research

　　　　A series of research platforms and new methods for new drug creation have been established and improved, and many candidate drug targets have been found. It is the first time in the world that CD146 molecule is selectively expressed in tumor vascular endothelial cells, which provides a new target molecule for the screening of new anti-tumor drugs. More than 80 novel enzyme, receptor and cell-level screening models, including matrix metalloproteinase Qualcomm screening and tumor angiogenesis inhibitor screening, have been established, and a number of lead compounds and candidate new drugs with new structures or novel pharmacological effects for major diseases have been found. Three new drugs, Shipulin (ZT-1) for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease, Salvicine (Salvicine) and Lidamycin (Lidamycin), have entered clinical research. Among them, Shipulin has completed Phase II clinical trials in more than 30 hospitals in Europe, which may become a new drug for China to go global and produce remarkable economic and social benefits. Some achievements in innovative drug research have been supported by the 863 Program and major scientific and technological projects, or cooperative development relations have been established with enterprises.

　　　　9. Bone induction theory of biomedical materials

　　　 This theory has gained international recognition, clarified that biomaterials can induce bone formation, confirmed the important conditions of inducing bone formation from two aspects of materials science and biology, and established a relatively complete original bone induction theory. A new generation of osteoinductive bone developed based on this theory has obtained the production registration certificate of the State Food and Drug Administration, and more than 400 clinical trials have achieved good results.

　　At the China committee of 100 Forum on Electric Vehicles held yesterday, Finance Minister Lou Jiwei said that the subsidy standard for new energy vehicles will be gradually lowered from 2017, and the subsidy policy will be withdrawn after 2020. Xin Guobin, vice minister of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, said that the state subsidy policy for new energy vehicles will be gradually withdrawn in the future, and the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology is prepared to adopt the method of linking the points of new energy vehicles with the fuel consumption limit of traditional energy vehicles to encourage industrial development.

　　Last year, the production and sales of new energy vehicles exceeded 300,000.

　　Xin Guobin said that the rapid development of China’s new energy automobile industry is changing from a market introduction period to a rapid growth period and entering a new stage of large-scale development. In the past 2015, the production and sales of new energy vehicles in China exceeded 300,000. By the end of 2015, the cumulative production and sales of new energy vehicles in China was nearly 500,000, making it the largest new energy vehicle market in the world.

　　Xin Guobin said that compared with the world’s advanced level, there is still a big gap in the quality of new energy vehicles in China, and the development of new energy vehicles in China still faces some prominent contradictions and problems. These problems include the lack of general technology development ability of the whole vehicle, insufficient technical reserves such as intelligent networked vehicles, the incompatibility between the construction of charging facilities and the development of new energy vehicles, and the imperfect follow-up maintenance system.

　　Prepare to adopt the new energy vehicle integral method.

　　Lou Jiwei said that the original intention of the consumer subsidy policy is to cultivate the initial market. However, if the consumer subsidy is implemented for a long time, enterprises are prone to policy dependence, keeping a close eye on policies to set products and forming new industrial surpluses. From 2017 to 2018, the subsidy standard for new energy vehicles will be lowered by 20% on the basis of 2016 and 40% from 2019 to 2020. After 2020, the subsidy policy will be withdrawn.

　　Xin Guobin revealed that the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology is going to adopt the method of linking the points of new energy vehicles with the fuel consumption limit of traditional energy vehicles to encourage industrial development.

　　Resolutely crack down on fraudulent compensation of new energy vehicles

　　In response to recent media reports that some enterprises have falsified data and defrauded financial subsidies for new energy vehicles, Minister of Finance Lou Jiwei said that special inspections will be organized in conjunction with relevant ministries and commissions, and the problem of fraudulent compensation will be dealt with seriously according to laws and regulations, and all kinds of fraudulent compensation and rent-seeking behaviors will be severely cracked down, and they will never be soft. "Several electric vehicle safety accidents that occurred last year and the recent online exposure of electric vehicles have fully demonstrated that the new energy vehicle management system needs to be improved." Xin Guobin said that these problems require relevant departments to take effective measures and make great efforts to solve them.

　　Science and Technology Daily, Beijing, March 16 (Reporter Liu Xia) New Zealand scientists published a paper in the latest issue of PLoS One, saying that a new study they conducted found that since 2005, plastic pollution in the global ocean has reached an "unprecedented level". At present, about 170 trillion pieces of plastic are floating in the ocean, with an estimated total weight of 2.3 million tons. If it is not controlled, the speed of plastics entering the ocean may be several times faster in the next few decades.

　　Researchers collected plastic samples from more than 11,000 sites around the world, focusing on the situation during the 40 years from 1979 to 2019. The results show that the trend of plastics entering the ocean before 1990 was not obvious, and it fluctuated between 1990 and 2005, and then it increased sharply.

　　Lisa Edeler of the University of Auckland, who is in charge of the latest research, pointed out that there are many sources of plastic pollution in the ocean: fishing nets, buoys, discarded clothes, car tires and disposable plastics, which will eventually decompose into microplastics. In addition, at present, only a small part of plastic is properly recycled, and many plastics will eventually be landfilled. If the landfill is not properly managed, plastic waste will enter the environment and eventually flow to the ocean.

　　Edeler explained that from 1990 to 2005, the amount of plastic waste in the ocean declined in some cases, partly because there were some effective policies to control pollution, including the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, which came into effect in 1988, which was a legally binding agreement among 154 countries, aiming at stopping the discharge of plastic by the navy, fishing and shipping fleets.

　　She appealed that with the increasing production of plastics, countries need to formulate a new treaty, not only to reduce the production and use of plastics, but also to better manage how to dispose of plastics.

1. Amazon International

Amazon.com is the world’s largest online store, which sells all over the world. Payment methods are usually international credit cards and debit cards. Amazon allows buyers to pay in local currency.

2、eBay

EBay is an online auction and shopping website that allows people all over the world to buy and sell goods online. EBay is a great website for anyone who wants to buy things from foreign countries. However, not all suppliers on eBay ship goods worldwide.

3. Ali Express

AliExpress is a cross-border e-commerce platform built by Alibaba for the international market, and it is called "International Taobao" by the majority of sellers. AliExpress is the third largest English online shopping website in the world, which faces overseas buyers and customers, conducts secured transactions through Alipay international accounts and uses international logistics channels to transport and deliver goods.

4、 Indiamart.com

Indiamart is a well-known trade B2B website in India. Its purpose is to promote cooperation between buyers and suppliers from all over the world and help them trade with each other, thus bringing wide business opportunities to suppliers and rewarding suppliers from all over the world by creating profits. In fact, this is a dropshipping website. People all over the world can order all kinds of things from India and then sell them through dropshipping.

Indiamart doesn’t sell anything directly. Instead, it lists the products of countless manufacturers. Most of these manufacturers can deliver goods on a global scale.

5、KrisShop

KrisShop is an international shopping website, which is sold all over the world. It is actually a duty-free shop from Singapore. KrisShop’s business began with selling all kinds of duty-free goods on Singapore Airlines flights. KrisShop also runs an online store where sellers can order high-quality goods without paying local taxes in various countries.

6、Laphroaig

Laphroaig is one of the top scotch whiskies in the world. They also have an international shopping website, where you can buy high-quality whisky produced by Laphroaig. Laphroaig also offers a wide range of branded clothing, bar requirements and souvenirs. Buyers need to be at least 18 years old to enter the website.

7、Maven POS

If buyers want to buy imported cigarettes, high-grade perfume, cheap wine and other supplies, they can go to Maven POS. This is an online store headquartered in Britain, which can help buyers buy cheap goods from duty-free shops all over the world. Maven POS has also established a cooperative relationship with Dubai Duty Free.

8、Nike

Nike.com comes from the eponymous brand of best-selling sports goods and sportswear. Buyers can buy almost all kinds of sporting goods from Nike.com. Nike.com has business in most countries. This means that you can easily buy Nike products from foreign countries and pay the equivalent in local currency.

9、Coleman

Coleman is an international shopping website for camping and outdoor life lovers, providing more than 10,000 kinds of products, including outdoor lighting, camping supplies, gas appliances and cookers, thermal insulation products, water sports and so on. Coleman accepts international orders and delivers them around the world.

10、 USA.gov

The federal government of the United States also sells many things online. These include souvenirs, collectibles, stamps, coins, books and other various commodities. USA.gov carries out international transportation through the United States Postal Service (USPS).

Discovery Store, an international shopping website, is owned and operated by the world-famous Discovery Channel. People all over the world can order from Discovery Store because they deliver goods all over the world. Discovery Store has a large number of educational toys, clothes, books, stickers, posters, gifts and souvenirs.

11. Royal Mail

For collectors of stamps and souvenirs, Royal Mail operates an international shopping website where buyers can buy some amazing collections. Royal Mail also delivers around the world.

12. Lotte International

Rakuten, a popular online store in Japan, also provides an international shopping website, which is sold all over the world. Buyers only need an international credit card or debit card to pay for shopping.

(Source: cross-border e-commerce BB machine)

The above content belongs to the author’s personal opinion and does not represent Hugo’s position! This article is exclusively authorized by the original author, and the reprint needs the authorization of Hugo. com.

(Source: cross-border e-commerce BB machine)

1905 movie network news India’s annual word-of-mouth masterpiece released the poster "Against the World". hrithik roshan, the "Grand Commander", is fearless in the face of gun threats. He will fight against the world for love and show omnipotent revenge. The film is another high-burning and brain-burning Indian film to be released in China after Andhadhun. The film omnipotent is directed by Sanjay Gupta, starring hrithik roshan and yami gautam, and will be released nationwide on June 5th.

Against the world, he needs to be omnipotent.

The movie "Omnipotence" tells the story that the blind Lohan and his wife, who are both blind, came together through hardships. At the beginning of their marriage life, they suffered an accident. The sudden major changes made Lohan fall into deep sorrow, helplessness and despair, and then began a "lone ranger" type of counterattack and revenge.

In the movie "Against the World" poster, the hero Luohan, played by the Indian king hrithik roshan, is fearless in the face of gun threats, because he knows that he must have the determination to dare to fight against the world in order to help him achieve revenge. Lohan is blind. In order to live as an equal as his neighbors, he has honed his extraordinary survival skills. I never wanted to be disturbed by an arrogant criminal, forcing him to arm himself and achieve revenge independently. In the film, Lohan has many wonderful and hot action scenes. He listens to the sound to avoid the blow, the design agency captures the opponent, and changes his identity by using the voice-changing technique. As a blind person, a series of incredible god operations are particularly eye-catching.

Take over the "Andhadhun", the Indian new divine film has a clear expectation.

Andhadhun, an Indian suspense film, is being shown in China, and its box office reputation has been double bumper, which has once again triggered a movie-watching craze for China audiences, and also generated new expectations for the release of the next Indian "magic film". Omnipotence is a genre film that combines love, song and dance, suspense, crime, action and many other elements. It is a movie-watching experience full of many emotional shocks and many "unexpected" experiences. After the film was released in India, the box office rushed into the top ten of the year, surpassing many powerful rivals such as Aamir Hussain Khan, and was rated as "India’s Top Ten Films of the Year" by authoritative media.

Hrithik roshan, the leading actor in the film, has the reputation of "Grand Commander" and "Indian Superman" and has been rated as "the most handsome male star in India" for many times. The Phantom Car God 2, starring him, is very popular in India. His superb acting skills, excellent singing and dancing talents and the general appearance and figure of "Greek God" have made him a top Bollywood superstar. The release of "omnipotent" also marks the first time that the Indian king will land on the China screen and enter the China market.

　　[PConline evaluation]Among the newly released Intel and AMD processors, the author Xiao Bian found that the models with K or X suffixes are often more popular among consumers on major e-commerce platforms, but in fact Xiao Bian believes that the processor models without suffix are not as high as those with suffixes, and their performance is not as strong as theirs, but in fact they also have outstanding models. Today, let’s follow Xiaobian to learn about the charm of i7-8700, i5-8600, Ryzen 7 2700 and Ryzen 5 2600.

　　I7-8700 is the second flagship model of the 8th generation Core home platform. Compared with i7-8700K, both specifications are 6 cores and 12 threads, but the frequency setting of i7-8700 is much more conservative, with the basic frequency of 3.2GHz and the maximum turbo frequency of 6 cores of 4.3GHz. The highest core frequency of a single core is 4.6GHz, while the three frequencies of i7-8700K are 3.7GHz, 4.3GHz and 4.7GHz respectively. Thanks to the lower frequency setting, the thermal design power consumption of i7-8700 is only 65W, which is very low. So is it actually a small expert in energy saving and emission reduction? We will have related tests next.

　　The i5-8600 is the second highest rated i5 of the 8th generation Core. It is designed with 6 cores and 6 threads. Compared with the older brother i5-8600K, its basic frequency is 0.5GHz lower, only 3.1GHz, while the highest core frequency and the highest core frequency are 4.1GHz and 4.3GHz, which are consistent with the i5-8600K. Therefore, its thermal design power consumption is only 65W. Compared with i7-8700, its frequency design is more conservative, and it is believed that the power consumption will be further reduced.

　　AMD released the second-generation Ruilong in April this year, but only two processors in the second-generation Ruilong have no suffixes. One is this Ryzen 7 2700, which is also the second flagship model of the second generation Ruilong. Ryzen 7 2700 has a fundamental frequency of 3.2GHz, and the highest acceleration frequency of a single core can reach 4.1GHz, with a wide span. At the same time, its TDP is only 65W, which is very surprising for an 8-core and 16-thread processor. Another surprise is that, unlike the flagship model Ryzen 7 2700X, this processor has only 200 poor reviews on the JD.COM platform. What caused consumers to abandon it? Is it performance or price? Don’t worry, xiaobian will take you to explore the answer in the actual measurement later.

　　Ryzen 5 2600 is another processor without suffix in the second generation Ruilong, and it is also a low-power processor with TDP of only 65W. Ryzen 5 2600 is designed for 6 cores and 12 threads, and is built by Grofonde’s 12nm process. The fundamental frequency is 3.4GHz, and the highest acceleration frequency can reach 3.9GHz.

　　From the chart, we can see the detailed specifications of the four processors to be evaluated today. The models on Intel side generally have higher frequency and built-in nuclear display, while those on AMD side are cheaper and open to overclocking.

　　Next, let’s take a look at the changes of these four processors compared with the previous generation.

　　Due to the change of market competition, the 8th generation Core no longer squeezes toothpaste as before. From the table, we can simply see that the 8th generation Core has improved a lot compared with the previous generation. In the face of Ruilong’s multi-core offensive, first of all, the specifications of the 8 th generation i7 and i5 are compared with the previous generation.There are two more coresAlthough there are more cores, using the updated 14nm++ process can make more cores.The frequencies of i7-8700 and i5-8600 are slightly higher than the previous generation.At the same time, the thermal design power consumption of the processor is still maintained at 65W. In addition, the three-level cache of CPU has been increased a lot to adapt to more cores. In terms of nuclear display, i7-8700 and i5-8600 use HD630 vest nuclear display UHD630, which only improves the frequency by 0.05GHz, which is better than nothing, and the memory support is also upgraded from 2400MHz to 2666MHz.

　　Although the specifications and performance have been improved so much, the starting price of i7-8700 and i5-8600 is not much higher than that of i7-7700 and i5-7600, and now the actual price is only 200~300 yuan, so there is no price increase.The 8th generation of Core is the most conscientious generation in recent years.. A detailed technical analysis on the 8th generation Core canClick here to view past articles.

　　Unlike Intel’s 8th generation Core, which was hastily launched to cope with Ruilong, the 2nd generation Ruilong is obviously the product of AMD’s plan to iterate over the 1st generation Ruilong. The product uses GF’s 12nm process to make up for the shortcomings of the 1st generation Ruilong, but the TDP is still 65W. At the same time, the smarter Precision Boost 2 acceleration technology and XFR2 dynamic spread spectrum technology are used, which can make the core of the processor run at a higher frequency as much as possible, so that the processor is still excellent in applications with poor multi-core optimization.

　　In addition to the low frequency, another area criticized by the first generation Ryzen processor is the memory delay, so the focus of AMD optimization on Zen+ architecture is the cache and memory system. L1 cache delay is reduced by 13%, L2 cache delay is reduced by 34%, L3 cache delay is reduced by 16%, and memory cache delay is also reduced by 11%. At the same time, the frequency supported by the memory controller is improved, reaching 2933MHz.

　　These targeted improvements have greatly improved the second generation Ruilong compared with the first generation Ruilong and made it more mature in more applications. Want to know the detailed technical analysis of the second generation Ruilong canClick here to view past articles..

　　After comparing the improvement of these four processors compared with the previous generation, let’s enter the actual measurement link.

　　As usual, go to the test platform first.

　　In order to make the test results more objective, in addition to the motherboard and processor,We are consistent with other accessories, and the motherboard also uses ROG HERO series motherboards from ASUS, and all of them use the latest BIOS..

AMD platform

　
Willamette

　　In terms of memory, because the highest frequency that the two platforms officially claim to support is different, the memory frequency of the two platforms is not the same.It is 2933MHz on AMD platform and 2666MHz on Intel platform.

　　Memory We use the flame gun memory optimized by Zhiqi for Ryzen. When X.M.P is turned on, it can easily reach the frequency of 3200MHz, and the adaptability of the memory is also very good.

　　When testing, the motherboard BIOS is set to the full default optimal state, and then the memory frequency is changed, and other options remain unchanged.

　　Let’s first test the theoretical performance of the processor. The following tests can detect the processor in different ways.manyThreaded computing performance and single-threaded computing performance.

　　Fritz Chess Benchmark is called chess software in Chinese. You can know your processor’s computing performance by measuring the number of chess steps calculated by the processor per second.

　　WPrime is a software that tests the computing power of computers by calculating prime numbers, and has been widely used in the performance testing of processors all over the world.

　　CPU-Z is a well-known CPU detection software, and it is the most used software to detect CPU. Its own Benchmark can accurately judge the multi-core performance and single-core performance of CPU.The version of CPU-Z adopted this time is 1.85..

　　3Dmark is a software specially designed for measuring the performance of graphics cards by futuremark Company, and it has released 3Dmark99, 3Dmark2001, 3Dmark2003, 3Dmark2005, 3Dmark2006, 3Dmark vantage, 3Dmark 11 and The new 3DMark. Now, 3Dmark is not only a software to measure the performance of graphics cards, but has gradually turned into a software to measure the performance of the whole machine. 3DMark’s test physical score can be basically calculated.Actual game performance of CPU.

　　Summary of CPU theory test:The results of this evaluation are also consistent with the previous evaluation results of Ryzen and Core para-processors. Ryzen is superior in multi-thread testing because of the higher specification of para-processors, and Core processor is stronger in single-thread testing because of its higher frequency.

　　Breakdown, in the comparison between Ryzen 7 2700 and i7-8700, i7-8700 won the chess operation and CPU-Z single-thread test, while Ryzen 7 2700 gained the advantage in the other three tests, and there was not much difference between them in the test, which can be described as a tie, diamond cut diamond.

　　In the comparison between Ryzen 5 2600 and i5-8600, because Ryzen 5 2600 has six more threads than i5-8600, four of the five theoretical tests have won, and most of them have a big lead.

　　Now that the theoretical performance of the processors is known, what is the working efficiency of these four processors in practical application? Next, Xiao Bian will test the performance of the processor in practical application with the software that everyone will use in life.

　　CineBench R15 is a convincing test system for CPU and graphics card. The Cinema 4D special effects software engine developed for film and television industry is used to test a 3D scene picture with high precision, which can support up to 256 logic cores. In addition, the new version also strengthens the investigation of shaders, anti-aliasing, shadows, lighting and reflection blur, and the detection of CPU performance is more accurate.

　　WinRAR is one of the most commonly used compression software. You all know how high it requires the performance of the CPU. The stronger the performance of the CPU, the faster it is pressed and the shorter it takes.

　　Let’s compress a 2.66GB file and see how much time they take.

　　X264 FHD Benchmark can effectively test the floating-point operation performance of CPU and the actual file-changing ability of multimedia audio and video.

　　The testing significance of POV-Ray is similar to that of CineBench R15, and it also represents the 3D rendering performance of CPU. The more pixels rendered per second, the stronger the performance.

　　Video export, like WinRAR above, consumes huge CPU resources, and friends who specialize in video have extremely strong demand for this performance. We will let them export the same video, with the same video parameters and total recording time. There will be two export formats, one is the H.264 format which is more commonly used and should be the most widely used, and the other is the H.265 format which is more efficient in updating compression but has less application scope.

　　Summary of professional software testing:Generally speaking, in the professional application software test, the four processors have their own advantages and disadvantages in the comparison, which is equally divided.

　　To break it down, let’s first look at the comparison between i7-8700 and Ryzen 7 2700. When using CPU for 3D rendering, Ryzen processor will have a greater advantage because there are more cores and threads. Although i7-8700 is stronger in single-core rendering, no one actually uses only one core for rendering, so this project is of little significance. In the aspect of audio and video transcoding, there is not much difference between them when exporting video to H264 code, and i7-8700 is slightly stronger, but i7-8700 has an overwhelming advantage when exporting H.265 code, because in the latest version of X265 decoder, Intel’s native AVX 256-bit instructions are fully optimized, while Ryzen series processors do not have the native AVX 256 instruction set. It must be split into two 128-bit instructions for execution, so the efficiency is much lower. We can see that even the i5-8600 hangs Ryzen 7 2700 in this test. In other tests, there is not much difference between the two.

　　In the comparison between i5-8600 and Ryzen 5 2600, it presents another situation, which is the same as the theoretical test result, because Ryzen 5 2600 has twice as many threads as i5-8600, and it has the upper hand in most application tests, except the H.265 transcoding mentioned above.

　　Therefore, when you buy a processor, you should look at what you will often use in your daily use. If it is 3D rendering, it is wise to choose Ryzen processor. If you often need video transcoding, i7-8700 is obviously a better choice.

　　Of course, the CPU test is inseparable from the game performance. Tomb Raider 10, Wizard 3: wild hunt, Whole Territory Blockade and Ghost Action: Wilderness are selected for the project, all of which have 1080P resolution and the highest special effects. The colorful iGame1080 Flame God of War is selected for the graphics card to ensure that the graphics card will not become a test bottleneck at 1080p resolution.

　　Summary of CPU game performance test;We can clearly see that the optimization of multi-threading in 3A masterpieces is still not very good. The performance of i7-8700 and i5-8600 is not much different, and so are Ryzen 7 2700 and Ryzen 5 2600.

　　Therefore, with higher frequency and stronger ipc, the 8th generation Core won the game performance test, but the gap between the four processors is very small.

　　Since it is impossible to test the power consumption of a certain hardware separately, the following are all the power consumption of the whole machine, which are three application scenarios. The game is fully loaded with the peak power consumption of the whole machine in the process of Tomb Raider 10》Benchmark, while the CPU is fully loaded with Prime95 running FPU baking machine test and the graphics card is empty.

　　In order to ensure the stable operation of the whole machine, we use the MVP P850 power supply of Hangjia, which has passed the 80PLUS white gold medal certification and is located at the top of the power pyramid.

　　We can see that the power consumption of Core is obviously higher than that of Ruilong. After all, the frequency of Core is also higher. Intel will officially set the maximum core frequency and the maximum core frequency of a single core, from which we can know that the full core frequency of i7-8700 is 4.3GHz and that of i5-8600 is 4.1GHz when the CPU is fully loaded.

I5-8600 baking machine

　　The same is true in the actual baking machine, but we can still see some problems. Why is the power consumption of Ryzen 5 2600 higher than that of Ryzen 7 2700? This is actually related to the processor frequency. So what’s the frequency of baking machine in Ryzen processor?

Ryzen 7 2700 baking machine

Ryzen 5 2600 baking machine

　　We can clearly see that the full-core frequency of Ryzen 7 2700 roaster is 3.425GHz, while that of Ryzen 5 2600 roaster is 3.675GHz, which is 0.25GHz higher than that of Ryzen 5 2600, so it is not surprising that the power consumption is relatively high. Therefore, we can draw two conclusions. One is that the accelerated frequency policy of Ryzen 7 2700 will be more conservative than that of Ryzen 5 2600. The other is that for the second generation Ryzen processor, the increase of frequency is more likely to cause the increase of power consumption than the increase of core.

　　In the choice of radiator, in order not to reduce the frequency of the processor, we use the relatively high-end air-cooled overclocking three Donghai hegemony. The radiator is a 6-heat pipe dual-fan radiator, and theoretically four processors with TDP of only 65W should be enough. Let’s take a look at the temperature performance of the four processors under this radiator. The room temperature was 25 degrees Celsius during the test.

　　With the same radiator, the Ryzen 7 2700 with the most cores but the lowest frequency has the best performance. No wonder Acer has stuffed the Ryzen 7 2700 into the notebook, and the excellent temperature performance of Ryzen 7 2700 and Ryzen 5 2600 is also very suitable for DIYer to buy them to assemble high-performance ITX hosts. Let’s take a look at Intel again. Although the thermal design power consumption of the i5-8600 and the i7-8700 is 65W, it can be seen that the temperature difference between them is quite obvious. The performance of the i5-8600 is still normal, while the i7-8700 has a core-wide maximum frequency of 4.3GHz consistent with the i7-8700K, and the temperature reaches a relatively high of 87.Therefore, users who choose i7-8700 should pay attention not to neglect the purchase of radiator just because its thermal design power consumption is only 65W..

　　Based on the above performance tests, including 16 tests of theoretical performance, professional application performance and game performance, we can get the following comprehensive performance ranking chart.

　　I7-8700 won the battle between the second generation Ruilong and the eighth generation Core flagship with a slight advantage, while Ryzen 5 2600 helped the second generation Ruilong regain a city. Of course, our tests in this paper are all carried out at the default frequency, while Ryzen series processors are all frequency-unlocked. In the previous first test of the second generation Ruilong, we have tested that the overclocking ceiling of the second generation Ruilong is between 4.2 and 4.3 GHz, and the performance of Ryzen processor after overclocking is also acceptable.Click here to view past articles..

　　This is the ranking of the four processors in this paper in our new version of PConline CPU ladder diagram. The above picture is a brand-new interactive CPU ladder diagram released by PConline, which includes linked e-commerce price, related original articles, parameter comparison, ranking comparison and performance comparison. Users who need it will collect it soon, and there will be ladder diagrams such as graphics cards and notebook processors released one after another in the future.

　　The PC side canClick here to jump.

　　On the mobile side.Click here to jump.

　　Let’s summarize the situation at Intel first. Because i7-8700 has the same full-core turbo performance as i7-8700K, the performance difference between them at the default frequency will not be very big. Moreover, due to the rising specifications of the 8th generation i7, the heat and power consumption are relatively high. In other words, the cost of overclocking i7-8700K on the radiator, power supply and motherboard will be relatively high. For consumers who are not very keen on the ultimate performance, i7-8700 that can be used with B360 motherboard is undoubtedly a better choice.

　　As for the i5-8600, because of its high pricing, its performance will not be very outstanding compared with Ryzen 5 2600 or its younger brother i5-8500/8400, and its power consumption is also high, and its temperature is high. Xiaobian thinks that the purchase value of this processor is relatively low.

　　On the AMD side, we can see from the above evaluation that Ryzen 7 2700, the sub-flagship, actually has its own advantages in comparison with the 8th generation Core sub-flagship i7-8700, so why is its sales volume so low? This can only blame its big brother Ryzen 7 2700X. Ryzen 7 2700X has stronger performance, and a new belief RGB ghost radiator is presented, but it is only 200 yuan more expensive than Ryzen 7 2700, and most consumers will choose the flagship Ryzen 7 2700X with higher standards. Nevertheless, we can still see an outstanding advantage of Ryzen 7 2700, that is, excellent temperature and power consumption performance, which will be particularly prominent in notebooks or when building ITX hosts. We can expect more manufacturers to directly put this processor into notebooks in the future. However, there are only a few consumers with this demand. We can also foresee that if AMD does not further adjust the price of Ryzen 7 2700, the audience of Ryzen 7 2700 will be very small for a long time to come, and the sales volume will not change much.

The radiators of Ryzen 7 2700 and Ryzen 5 2600 are different, and the materials are better.

　　As for the Ryzen 5 2600, it has gained the upper hand compared with the i5-8600, and it also has certain advantages in temperature and power consumption. More importantly, the Ryzen 5 2600X, which is 200 yuan more expensive than it, does not give away the temptation to believe in the RGB ghost radiator, so this processor has a fair sales volume. When it comes to overclocking, Ryzen 5 2600 can easily exceed 4,0GHz, but whether it can exceed 4,2GHz depends on the face. Although it is 200 yuan cheaper than Ryzen 5 2600X, the highest acceleration frequency of Ryzen 5 2600X single core can reach 4.2GHz. If the temperature and power consumption are not too high, Xiao Bian still recommends everyone to buy Ryzen 5 2600X.

　　In the choice of Ruilong and Core processors, it is necessary to choose according to the needs of the readers. For example, it is more wise for netizens who often use 3D renderers who are very concerned about the temperature of power consumption or to use Ryzen 7 2700 or Ryzen 5 2600 naturally, but for consumers who often need video transcoding, especially H.265 format transcoding, it is more efficient to use i7-8700. Of course, what we discuss in this paper is based on the price of JD.COM’s self-operated platform on July 13th. If the original price of i7-8700 is three or four hundred more expensive than that of Ryzen 7 2700X, its purchase value will be greatly reduced.