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　　The development concept of innovation, coordination, green, openness and sharing put forward by the Fifth Plenary Session of the 18th CPC Central Committee is a strategic choice made by our party to grasp the general trend of world development and focus on the overall development of China. It is a concentrated expression of China’s development ideas, development direction and development focus during the 13th Five-Year Plan and even a longer period. It is a powerful ideological weapon and scientific action guide to lead the new normal of economic development and win the victory in building a well-off society in an all-round way. It is also a new concept, new idea and new strategy of the Party Central Committee with the Supreme Leader as the general secretary. We should deeply understand the outstanding theoretical contribution and great practical value of the new development concept in upholding and developing Socialism with Chinese characteristics and enriching and developing Marxism under the new historical conditions from the development context of history, reality and future, and from the issues of the times faced by contemporary China and the world today.

　　First, the new development concept is the ideological guide and action guide to lead the development of Socialism with Chinese characteristics.

　　Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, the CPC Central Committee, with the Supreme Leader as the general secretary, has unswervingly adhered to and developed Socialism with Chinese characteristics, been brave in practice and good at innovation, and constantly deepened its understanding of communist party’s laws of governance, socialist construction and the development of human society, forming a series of new ideas, ideas and strategies for governing the country. The new development concept is a concentrated summary of the new ideas, new ideas and new strategies of the CPC Central Committee governing the country with the Supreme Leader as the general secretary. It focuses on highlighting contradictions, reveals the law of development, creatively answers the major issues of what and how to achieve development under the new situation, deepens and expands the theoretical understanding and practical requirements of some major propositions in Socialism with Chinese characteristics’s theoretical system, and provides the whole party with an ideological orientation and a behavioral orientation of managing the overall situation and managing the long-term issues.

　　Deepen the essential requirement of "taking economic construction as the center". The Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee of the Communist Party of China put forward taking economic construction as the center, which achieved a historic shift in the focus of the work of the party and the state and opened a great historical process of reform and opening up. Over the past 38 years, our Party has unswervingly adhered to this center, concentrated on construction and development, and created the "China Miracle" that attracted worldwide attention. The new development concept, based on the basic national conditions that China is in the primary stage of socialism and the main social contradictions have not changed for a long time, and according to the new changes in the situation, the new requirements of practice and the new expectations of the people, emphasizes that we must unswervingly adhere to the economic construction as the center, and further puts forward the people-centered development idea and the development requirements of improving quality and efficiency, which endows the economic construction as the center with a clearer goal orientation, a more effective realization way and a more scientific measurement standard. Unswervingly adhere to economic construction as the center, we must take improving people’s well-being and promoting people’s all-round development as the starting point and the end result, fully mobilize people’s enthusiasm, initiative and creativity, and take quality and efficiency as the core and key to push China’s economy onto a higher quality, more efficient, fairer and more sustainable development path.

　　It enriches the practical connotation of "development is the last word". More than 20 years ago, based on the reality of China, Comrade Deng Xiaoping summed up the international and domestic experiences and lessons, and loudly put forward the famous assertion that "development is the last word", stressing that the key to seizing the opportunity and developing oneself is to develop the economy. This assertion has further broken down the ideological barriers that constrain development and further focused the work of the whole party on seeking development and grasping development. Based on this conclusion, our party puts forward that development is the top priority of the party in governing and rejuvenating the country, adheres to the important ideas of people-oriented, comprehensive, coordinated and sustainable development, and promotes the continuous leap of China’s economic and social development. With the profound changes in the world, national conditions and party conditions, the connotation of the important strategic opportunity period has undergone profound changes, and it is urgent to establish new development ideas and directions, development motivation and focus. In the new development concept system, innovation is the core and soul of development, coordination is the basic method of development, green is the inherent requirement of development, openness is the characteristic of the times of development, and sharing is the starting point and fundamental destination of development. It has further deepened our party’s understanding of development, enriched and upgraded the party’s development theory, not only made the principle of adhering to development more "hard", but also made the "truth" of what kind of development and how to develop more distinct and systematic, which not only included the requirements of development speed, but also focused on the transformation of development power and mode.The pursuit is the organic unity of development speed and creativity, balance, inclusiveness and sustainability of development.

　　It highlights the value soul of promoting the overall layout of the "five in one". Since the reform and opening up, our party has deepened its understanding and improved its development pattern and target system in the practice of promoting the cause of Socialism with Chinese characteristics. From the construction of material civilization and spiritual civilization to the trinity of economic construction, political construction and cultural construction, to the integration of social construction, and to the establishment of the overall layout of economic construction, political construction, cultural construction, social construction and ecological civilization construction at the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, all these reflect the evolution and deepening of our party’s understanding of the cause of Socialism with Chinese characteristics. The proposal of the new development concept further highlights the value orientation of coordinating and promoting the five major constructions, clarifies the value standards for testing the effectiveness of career development, and condenses our party’s new practice and new understanding of what socialism to build and how to build socialism under the new situation. To promote the continuous development of Socialism with Chinese characteristics’s cause is to integrate the new development concept into the overall layout, so that our cause will always have an endless source of power, always maintain a good momentum of coordinated, balanced, sustainable development and progress with the times, and bring more and more real sense of gain to the people.

　　Second, the new development concept is the scientific application and vivid development of the basic principles of Marxist political economy in today’s era.

　　Marxist political economy is a science that uses dialectical materialism and historical materialism world outlook methodology to study economic movement, which profoundly reveals the laws and historical trends of economic movement in human society, especially capitalist society. Our Party has always adhered to the standpoint, viewpoint and method of Marxist political economy in every period of revolution, construction and reform, and enriched and developed it according to the practice of China. The new development concept is a model for contemporary the Communist Party of China (CPC) people to solve the China issue by using Marxist standpoint and viewpoint, and it is the latest achievement of contemporary Marxist political economy. It embodies the Marxist theoretical character of seeking truth from facts and keeping pace with the times, the comprehensive, dialectical and systematic overall thinking, and the basic principles of scientific socialism. It is the fundamental choice to solve the outstanding economic problems in China and lead the long-term development in the future, and has written a new chapter in Socialism with Chinese characteristics’s political economy.

　　Highlight the fundamental task of liberating and developing productive forces more clearly. Emancipating and developing productive forces is the fundamental mission of socialism and the basic proposition of Marxist political economy. Comrade Deng Xiaoping pointed out that, in the final analysis, the superiority of socialism lies in the fact that its productivity develops faster and higher than that of capitalism, and on the basis of developing productivity, it constantly improves people’s material and cultural life. The new development concept firmly focuses on the fundamental task of liberating and developing productive forces, focusing on realizing the overall leap of China’s social productive forces, taking innovation as the first driving force to lead development and placing it at the core of the overall development of the country, emphasizing the great potential contained in improving the ability of independent innovation, liberating and stimulating science and technology as the primary productive forces, protecting productive forces by protecting ecology and developing productive forces by improving the environment, promoting economic restructuring, creating and cultivating new industries, and promoting high-level opening up, grasping and leading the wave of scientific and technological revolution. All these have grasped the key to developing social productive forces and improving labor productivity under the new situation, and reflected that our party’s understanding and grasp of the development law of productive forces has reached a new height and a new realm.

　　More clearly highlight the internal contradictions in adjusting productive forces and relations of production. Productivity determines relations of production, and relations of production must meet the requirements of productivity development, which is the basic principle of Marxism. Since the founding of New China, especially since the reform and opening-up, our party has made great efforts to eliminate the ideological obstacles and institutional obstacles that restrict the development of productive forces, greatly liberated and developed the productive forces, and gradually established production relations that meet the requirements of the development of productive forces, and the social productive forces and comprehensive national strength have been rapidly improved. It should be noted that the development of China’s social productive forces has stood at a new level at present, and a new round of scientific and technological revolution and industrial revolution around the world is emerging and ready to go. In particular, it is increasingly urgent to solve the old problems accumulated by China’s rapid economic and social development and encounter new problems, improve the socialist system, and promote the modernization of the national governance system and governance capacity. The development of productive forces has put forward new and higher requirements, which requires us to make up our minds to update our development concepts, persist in leading the reform of institutional mechanisms with new ideas, and strive to improve production relations. The new development concept focuses on further removing the institutional obstacles that hinder the development of productive forces, emphasizing the construction of an institutional framework to promote innovation, emphasizing the reform direction of the socialist market economy, and emphasizing the improvement of the governance capacity of the governance system that adapts to economic and social development and the expectations of the people. This is a deep-seated change in the development mode and an all-round adjustment of production relations.

　　More clearly highlight the coordination and sustainability of improving social reproduction. Marxist political economy believes that the smooth realization of social reproduction is based on the coordination of production, distribution, exchange and consumption. In the long-term practice of leading the people to build socialism, our party has formed a series of ideas and strategies on coordinated development, balanced development and sustainable development. The new development concept, in view of the outstanding problems of unbalanced, uncoordinated and unsustainable development in China, firmly grasps the main contradictions and central links that affect social reproduction, highlights the adjustment of production relations and economic structure, highlights the improvement of relations between people, people and nature, highlights the overall balance between supply and demand, production and consumption, and focuses on coordinating the current and long-term, local and overall, and key and non-key relationships. Efforts will be made to promote coordinated regional development, coordinated urban and rural development, and coordinated development of material civilization and spiritual civilization, which has pointed out the goal and provided guarantee for expanding the scale of social reproduction, optimizing the structure and improving efficiency.

　　More clearly highlight the core position of people in the economic movement. The focus of Marxist political economy is to regard the people as the purpose of production. An important reason for the crisis of capitalist economic development is that the proliferation and expansion of capital are regarded as the fundamental purpose of production, and only "things" do not see "people", let alone people. As the main body of society, people, especially the masses of the people, have alienated into tools for producing surplus value, and even formed a "1% and 99%" differentiation and opposition in society. History and reality have repeatedly proved that if social production does not aim at the people, it is not only unjust, but also against the law of social development and unsustainable. The new development concept adheres to the fundamental position of Marxist political economy, clearly puts forward the people-centered development idea, insists that development is for the people, development depends on the people, and development results are shared by the people. It not only takes realizing, safeguarding and developing the fundamental interests of the overwhelming majority of the people as the fundamental purpose of development, but also takes mobilizing the enthusiasm, initiative and creativity of the people as a powerful driving force for development, and strives to form a vivid situation in which everyone participates, tries his best and enjoys.

　　Three, adhere to the five development is a profound change in the overall development, is the only way to build a well-off society in an all-round way.

　　Advocating innovation, paying attention to coordination, advocating green, cultivating openness and promoting sharing is a profound change that touches all aspects of social practice led by the ideological revolution in the depths of the soul. Looking back on the course we have gone through since the reform and opening up, from reforming the planned economic system to establishing a socialist market economic system, from joining the WTO to actively leading the development of economic globalization, every time we emancipate our minds and change our concepts, we have stirred up a rolling wave of reform, which has brought about a thorough transformation of development and a rapid economic leap. At the historical juncture of building a well-off society in an all-round way, the CPC Central Committee with the Supreme Leader as the general secretary will coordinate and promote the "four comprehensive" strategic layout and put forward new development concepts according to the situation, which will surely lead to a profound change from the ideological level to the social practice level, the institutional mechanism level, and from the economic field to all fields. This all-round and profound change will surely open up a bright realm in the development of Socialism with Chinese characteristics and on the road of the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation.

　　Walk out of a correct path to adapt, grasp and lead the new normal. Adapting to the new normal, grasping the new normal and leading the new normal are the great logic that runs through the overall situation and the whole process of development during the 13 th Five-Year Plan period. The new development concept, scientifically analyzing the long-term world economy and the characteristics of China’s development stages and their interactions, focusing on solving development problems, cultivating development advantages and filling development shortcomings are the ideological compass and action signposts guiding China’s economic and social development under the new normal. Adhering to the five major developments is to completely get rid of the long-established mindset, path dependence and behavior habits, and abandon the "speed complex" and "shift anxiety" that are not adapted to the new normal of economic development; That is, we must persist in guiding new practice with new ideas, seek, move and advance according to the situation, not only resolutely implement new ideas politically, but also master and apply new ideas in knowledge and specialty, and completely change the phenomenon of "not knowing what to do", still "not wanting to do it" and "doing things indiscriminately"; It is necessary to face the profound structural contradictions on the supply side, intensify the structural reform on the supply side with firm determination and tenacious will, focus on correcting the distortion of factor allocation, and promote de-capacity, de-inventory, de-leverage, cost reduction and short-boarding, continuously strengthen endogenous power, activate growth potential, and push China’s economy to a new level.

　　Realize the historic leap of the country and the nation. Building a well-off society in an all-round way embodies the Millennium quest and century-long struggle of the Chinese nation, which will be an epoch-making great leap in the history of China. After our Party led the people of all ethnic groups in the country to unite as one and forge ahead by relay, the face of socialist China and the face of the people of China have undergone tremendous changes, and the necessary preconditions and sufficient conditions have been met for a well-off society in an all-round way. This historic goal will be achieved in our generation in the next five years. However, we should also see that although China’s economic aggregate ranks second in the world, the problem of being big but not strong and puffiness is prominent, and we are facing many risks and challenges, which requires us to keep a clear head, establish new ideas and promote new actions. The new development concept focuses on building a well-off society in an all-round way, adhering to the unity of goal orientation and problem orientation, highlighting innovation to lead and drive development, promoting the transformation of China’s scientific and technological level from running with others to running with others, and improving China’s overall economic quality and international competitiveness; Highlight the integrity, coordination and balance of development, make overall plans to fill the shortcomings and advantages of thick planting, and strive to promote the all-round progress and all-round development of fields, populations and regions; Highlight green development and sustainable development, and make a good ecological environment a growth point for economic and social development and people’s happiness; Highlight the internal and external linkage of development, actively adapt to and actively lead the world development trend; Highlight the people-oriented and inclusive nature of development, promote universal sharing, comprehensive sharing, joint construction sharing and gradual sharing, and unite and stimulate the deepest power of national development. The new development concept has taken root in China and become a common practice.It will profoundly change and reshape China’s economic and social development, and will have a far-reaching impact on China’s modernization process and national destiny. The well-off society in an all-round way led by it will surely realize the historic leap of the country from big to strong, and lay a deeper and more solid foundation for moving towards the goal of "the second century" and then realizing the Chinese dream of the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation.

　　Show the great superiority and vitality of socialism. Classical Marxist writers have made socialism a great leap from fantasy to science, and the birth of scientific socialism has spanned the 19th and 20th centuries to the 21st century. The people of China chose socialism. Under the leadership of the Communist Party of China (CPC), they combined the basic principles of scientific socialism with China’s reality and the development of the times, actively explored, persisted and constantly explored the road of Socialism with Chinese characteristics. It is on this road that we have created a miracle in the history of world development. China’s development strategy, development direction and development model have had a wide and profound impact in both developed and developing countries. The new development concept clearly highlights the fundamental tasks and essential requirements of socialism, bases itself on the reality of contemporary China, grasps the world development trend, focuses on the outstanding problems facing the domestic and international in the 21st century, gives a new creative answer to opening up a new realm of Socialism with Chinese characteristics’s career development, and puts forward a "China plan" and a "socialist plan" for the world economy to get out of the downturn. Under the guidance of the new development concept, socialist China will stand in the east of the world with a brand-new look. Innovative development, coordinated development, green development, open development and shared development will become the most appealing and distinctive signs of China Road and the most epoch-making great victory of socialist practice.

　　General Secretary of the Supreme Leader delivered an important speech at the seminar for leading cadres at the provincial and ministerial levels, pointing out: "On the basis of long-term exploration and practice since the founding of New China, especially since the reform and opening up, and through theoretical and practical breakthroughs since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, we have successfully promoted and expanded Chinese-style modernization." "The modernization we promoted is the socialist modernization led by the Communist Party of China (CPC), and we must persist in promoting the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation with Chinese-style modernization." In the 10 years of the new era, the CPC Central Committee with the Supreme Leader as the core United and led the whole party and the people of all nationalities to make historic achievements and changes in the cause of the party and the country, successfully promoted and expanded Chinese modernization, and realized the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation, which entered an irreversible historical process.

　　Chinese modernization is based on the leadership of the party.

　　General Secretary of the Supreme Leader stressed: "Upholding the overall leadership of the Party is the foundation for the prosperity of the country and the nation and the happiness and well-being of the people of all ethnic groups in the country." Adhering to the party’s overall leadership is the fundamental guarantee for Chinese modernization to always adhere to the fundamental direction of socialism and forge ahead towards the goal of realizing the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation.

　　Ensure that Chinese modernization always has a strong leadership core. As a developing country with a large population, China is bound to bear all kinds of pressures and severe challenges that other countries have never encountered in the historical process of modernization. Only by adhering to the Communist Party of China (CPC)’s leadership can Chinese modernization have a strong leadership core and overcome various risks and challenges on the road ahead. It is under the strong leadership of the party that the top-level design of China’s socialist modernization has been continuously improved and the political guarantee has become stronger. It took decades to complete the industrialization process that developed countries have gone through for hundreds of years. Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, under the strong leadership of the CPC Central Committee with the Supreme Leader as the core, socialist modernization has marched with great success, and historic achievements and changes have taken place in the cause of the party and the state, which has laid a solid development foundation and created many favorable conditions for building a socialist modern country in an all-round way.

　　Ensure that Chinese modernization always advances in the right direction. Socialist modernization is an unprecedented undertaking, and there is no ready-made experience to follow, so it is bound to advance in exploration. Only by upholding the party’s leadership can we ensure that Chinese modernization will always move forward firmly in the right direction. In the new era, the Party’s overall leadership has been fully implemented and reflected in various fields such as reform, development and stability, internal affairs, foreign affairs and national defense, and the management of the party, the country and the army. The Party’s core role of overall planning and coordination of all parties has been fully exerted, and the Party’s ruling ability and leadership level have been continuously improved, which has provided the correct direction for promoting and expanding Chinese modernization.

　　Ensure that Chinese modernization will always maintain strong vitality. The Communist Party of China (CPC) is the backbone of the people of Chinese and the Chinese nation. In the course of long-term struggle, our party has continuously promoted the development of the cause of the party and the state with the sobriety and firmness of "rushing to the exam". Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, the CPC Central Committee with the Supreme Leader as the core has persisted in strictly administering the Party in an all-round way, effectively coping with the "four major tests" and resolutely overcoming the "four dangers", and the Party’s political leadership, ideological leadership, mass organization and social appeal have been significantly enhanced. Our Party leads the great social revolution with the great self-revolution, leads the cause of Socialism with Chinese characteristics to win new victories, and injects great vitality into Chinese modernization.

　　Chinese modernization takes socialism as the fundamental direction.

　　General Secretary of the Supreme Leader pointed out: "The modernization we are promoting is the socialist modernization led by the Communist Party of China (CPC)". The essential attribute of socialism determines the fundamental nature and direction of Chinese modernization, and highlights the unique advantages of Chinese modernization.

　　Adhere to the people-centered development thought. The people’s position is the fundamental political position of Marxist political parties. Different from the capital-centered modernization in the west, Chinese modernization always adheres to the people-centered development thought, thus forming a correct concept of development and modernization. The Chinese-style modernization concept of development and modernization is embodied in the people’s sense of gain, happiness and security, which is more substantial, more secure and more sustainable. Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, we have won the battle against poverty as scheduled, built a well-off society in an all-round way as scheduled, and the Millennium expectation of China people has come true. The people-centered development thought has condensed great power for the successful promotion of Chinese modernization; The continuous advancement of Chinese modernization has brought visible and tangible benefits to the broad masses of the people, which are beneficial to both the present and the long-term.

　　Unswervingly push for common prosperity. Common prosperity is the essential requirement of socialism. Chinese modernization is committed to promoting social fairness and justice and gradually realizing the common prosperity of all people by consciously and actively solving the regional gap, the urban-rural gap and the income distribution gap. In the new era, the CPC Central Committee with the Supreme Leader as the core has deeply studied the goals of different stages in the process of leading and promoting Chinese modernization, emphasizing the promotion of common prosperity by stages. In the process of modernization, it constantly promotes common prosperity, profoundly embodies the socialist essential stipulation of Chinese modernization, and highlights the distinct advantages of Chinese modernization compared with western polarized modernization.

　　Promote the all-round development of people and the all-round progress of society. It is the unremitting pursuit of socialism to promote the all-round development of people and the all-round progress of society. Chinese-style modernization aims at promoting the all-round development of human beings and the all-round progress of society, and is committed to promoting the coordinated development of material civilization, political civilization, spiritual civilization, social civilization and ecological civilization, thus surpassing the modernization of western materialism. Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, the CPC Central Committee, with the Supreme Leader as the core, has persisted in taking economic construction as the center, promoted the overall layout of "five in one" and coordinated the promotion of "four comprehensive" strategic layouts, laying a solid foundation and providing a strong guarantee for promoting the all-round development of people and social progress.

　　Adhere to the path of peaceful development. Chinese-style modernization adheres to the path of peaceful development, benefits the world while developing itself, promotes the building of a community of human destiny, and constantly injects strong positive energy into world peace and development, which not only embodies the law of socialist construction, but also embodies the law of human social development, and realizes the transcendence of modernization of western expansion and plunder. Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, under the guidance of the concept of a community of human destiny, China has held high the banner of peace, development, cooperation and win-win, promoted the common values of all mankind, promoted global development and global security, enriched the path selection of human civilization towards modernization, and expanded the way for developing countries to modernize.

　　Chinese modernization aims at national rejuvenation.

　　General Secretary of the Supreme Leader pointed out: "In the past 100 years, all the struggles, sacrifices and creations that the Communist Party of China (CPC) has led the people of China in unity have come down to one theme: realizing the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation." Realizing the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation is the historical aspiration of Chinese people and the great dream of the Chinese nation, and it is also the goal of Chinese modernization.

　　National rejuvenation has become the mission pursuit of Chinese modernization. After modern times, China was passively involved in the process of world modernization led by the West, and the Chinese nation, which suffered unprecedented disasters, began to explore a modernization road suitable for itself and made unremitting efforts to realize the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation. It can be said that China’s exploration of the road to modernization has the dual connotation of realizing modernization and realizing the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation from the beginning. Realizing the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation has anchored the goal of Chinese modernization. Under the strong leadership of the Communist Party of China (CPC), the people of China have successfully embarked on the road of Chinese modernization, and the Chinese nation has ushered in a great leap from standing up, becoming rich and becoming strong, and the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation has entered an irreversible historical process.

　　National rejuvenation highlights the internal logic of Chinese modernization. All the struggles that our Party unites and leads the people of China are aimed at building our country into a modern power and realizing the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation. In the historical process of promoting the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation, our party keeps pace with the times to promote theoretical innovation and practical innovation, deepen its understanding, mature its strategy and enrich its practice in building a socialist modern country, and always firmly grasp the internal logic of Chinese modernization. In the new era, the CPC Central Committee with the Supreme Leader as the core proposed to build a prosperous, strong, democratic, civilized, harmonious and beautiful socialist modernization power in two steps in the middle of this century, and defined a series of new features of Chinese modernization, which provided a more perfect institutional guarantee, a more solid material foundation and a more active spiritual strength for realizing the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation.

　　National rejuvenation stimulates the spiritual power of Chinese modernization. Exploring the road to modernization is a hard course, which cannot be separated from the support of strong spiritual strength. Over the past hundred years, our party has always regarded the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation as its historical mission, and the realization of modernization as the historical ambition, unswerving goal, powerful motive force for continuous struggle and mission of seeking happiness for the people, which has provided lasting and strong spiritual motivation for promoting Chinese modernization. Inspired by this powerful spiritual power, our party united and led the people of China to successfully embark on the road of Chinese modernization and create a new form of human civilization. Pushing forward the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation with Chinese modernization and strutting along the right path of our own choice will surely build China into a prosperous, strong, democratic, civilized, harmonious and beautiful socialist modernization power.

　　(Written by: Chen Shuo Guo Guangyin)

　 　 　 　As we all know, infection is almost inevitable in plasma cell disorders (PCD). Although infection is not the diagnostic standard of PCD, it is a common complication of most patients, and it is also an important cause of morbidity and mortality of patients, especially the elderly and immunocompromised patients. In addition, the increasing use of immune-based therapeutic drugs in multiple myeloma may also have a negative impact on infection epidemiology and clinical outcome.

　 　 　 　According to statistics, the risk of infection in patients with multiple myeloma is 7 times higher than that in the general population; 10% patients died within 60 days after diagnosis, of which 45% were attributed to infection, and most of them occurred in elderly patients; 17% of multiple myeloma deaths are attributed to infection, and before the first-line treatment, the highest death rate was caused by infection (46%)1.

　 　 　 　In addition, infection, inflammation and pathogens also play an important role in the pathogenesis of plasma cell disease. Infectious cancer factors can be divided into direct carcinogens and indirect carcinogens. The former expresses viral oncogenes that directly contribute to carcinogenic transformation, while the latter causes cancer through chronic inflammation and acquired driven mutation. The mechanism of pathogen carcinogenesis includes pathogen as the direct carcinogen of PCD (oncogenic virus assists the occurrence of immunosuppressive cancers, such as Kaposi sarcoma and HHV8) and pathogen as the indirect carcinogen of PCD (chronic inflammation can enhance cell proliferation, and abnormal immune response to self-protein or infectious pathogens increases the risk of gene change and subsequent malignant transformation into dominant MM, Long-term antigen stimulation may also promote the genomic instability of MM by combining cytidine deaminase) and pathogens as regulators of PCD immune monitoring (Th17 cells secrete inflammatory cytokines, and promote the growth of plasma cells through IL-6-STAT3 signaling pathway and local activation of eosinophils; Intestinal flora may affect the response and toxicity of immunotherapy, and the principle is that immunosuppressants and broad-spectrum antibiotics can significantly change the composition of microbial flora.

　 　 　 　As mentioned earlier, infection is still the main cause of morbidity and mortality of patients with multiple myeloma due to the cumulative effect of disease, treatment and host-related factors. In view of the cumulative risk of infection in the whole course of disease, it is very important to prevent infection. At present, the best prevention strategies include vaccination against common pathogens, antibacterial prevention, infection management and immunoglobulin replacement for a small number of patients. But in general, there is no universally accepted infection prevention guideline for multiple myeloma.

　 　 　 　In view of this, the International Myeloma Association convened 36 experts from all over the world to jointly review the existing literature and guidelines, and solve the problems related to the infection risk and prevention of infectious complications of multiple myeloma under the emerging treatment background, including providing personalized infection treatment strategies for MM and providing suggestions for preventing infectious complications. The consensus statement was published in Lancet Haematology in February.

　

Panel1: Summary of key points and key suggestions for preventing infection in patients with multiple myeloma

Infection is still the main cause of death in patients with multiple myeloma. Risk factors include immunosuppression, treatment, age and complications (such as renal failure and weakness) of multiple myeloma.

The period with the highest risk of infection is the first 3 months after diagnosis and when treating relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma.

Patients with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma are more likely to prevent potential infections (such as Streptococcus pneumoniae or Haemophilus influenzae).

Most infections in patients with multiple myeloma are caused by viruses and bacteria: bacterial infections are most often manifested as pneumonia and bacteremia, while viral infections are usually manifested as seasonal viruses, especially influenza and herpes zoster.

If the risk of infection increases, levofloxacin can be considered for prevention (NCCN 2A level). Patients with seropositive herpes simplex virus and varicella-zoster virus (such as detection) can be given acyclovir for prevention. It is recommended that patients who receive proteasome inhibitors or targeted monoclonal antibodies, especially CD38 targeted monoclonal antibodies, use acyclovir for prevention (NCCN level 1). Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole can be reserve for patients at risk of pneumocystis Yersinia pneumonia, such as patients with relapsed/refractory myeloma or patients receiving large doses of dexamethasone (for example, ≥40 mg/ day, 4 days a week). For patients with sulfur allergy, alternative drugs such as dapsone (NCCN 2A grade) can be considered.

It is suggested that patients with multiple myeloma should be vaccinated with inactivated influenza vaccine (preferably with two doses of influenza vaccine, regardless of age) and inactivated streptococcus pneumoniae vaccine (PCV13) every year, and then with PPSV23(NCCN 2A level) every five years.

Only patients with multiple myeloma are recommended to be vaccinated with inactivated vaccine.

The ability to produce protective response after immunization depends on the immunosuppressive status of patients (such as disease load, remission status, cumulative immunosuppression of anti-tumor treatment) and vaccination time.

Conventional chemotherapy can significantly impair the response of patients with multiple myeloma to vaccination.

Vaccination at the early stage of the disease (such as MGUS or SMM), before the start of treatment or when it reaches remission can get the best protection.

Lenalidomide monotherapy can improve the response of patients with multiple myeloma to vaccination, provided that dexamethasone is not given at the same time. At present, the immune response after receiving new drugs (such as monoclonal antibody, panobinostat and Cellini) has not been determined.

After autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, patients with multiple myeloma may lose immunity to the pathogens they were vaccinated against, and these patients should be vaccinated again 6-24 months after HSCT. The data show that it is safe and effective to inoculate recombinant herpes zoster vaccine after autologous HSCT. Therefore, it is recommended to inoculate recombinant herpes zoster vaccine after autologous HSCT (NCCN level 1).

It is suggested that the recombinant herpes zoster vaccine should be extended to all patients with multiple myeloma. It is suggested to continue to use varicella-zoster vaccine for prevention according to the indications, regardless of the vaccination status (NCCN 2b level).

It is suggested that patients with multiple myeloma should use passive immunization after being exposed to hepatitis A, chickenpox or measles (NCCN 2b).

It is suggested that close contacts of patients with multiple myeloma should be routinely vaccinated with inactivated vaccine, and patients should avoid close contact with live vaccine vaccinators as much as possible (NCCN 2A level).

Encourage the medical care and family members of patients with multiple myeloma to receive all designated immunization, especially seasonal influenza virus (NCCN 2A level).

Intravenous immunoglobulin is suitable for specific situations, such as life-threatening infection and IgG concentration below 400mg/dL with recurrent infection (NCCN 2A level).

For patients with multiple myeloma who go to infected epidemic areas, it is recommended to receive vaccines and antibacterial prevention at the destination, and consult infectious disease experts or medical institutions at the destination.

Risk factors of infection in patients with multiple myeloma

Disease factors

　 　 　 　Plasma cell diseases can increase the susceptibility of patients to viral and bacterial infections. The increased risk of infection in newly diagnosed patients with multiple myeloma is caused by the common global immune insufficiency paralysis in this patient, including the dysfunction of B cells in hypogammaglobulinemia, the destruction of global T cell diversity, and the significant changes in the functional activities of dendritic cells, natural killer cells and alternative complement pathways.

　 　 　 　Although rare at the time of seeing a doctor, neutropenia associated with bone marrow infiltration can also increase this risk. Of course, other related complications such as renal failure are also risk factors. The highest risk of infection is in the first 3 months after diagnosis and when treating recurrent or refractory multiple myeloma.

Therapeutic factors

Basic principles of treatment and infection of multiple myeloma

　 　 　 　The main therapeutic drugs for multiple myeloma are shown in Table 1. These treatments significantly improved the patient’s outcome, and transformed myeloma from a rapidly fatal disease to a chronic disease with multiple recurrences (usually successfully saved), but it also led to cumulative immunosuppression and increased risk of infection. For example, CD4 cell count drops sharply with the increase of chemotherapy cycle, which is closely related to opportunistic infection. Even so, the deep and lasting remission achieved by the combined regimen will generally lead to the reversal of immunosuppression and improvement of outcome.

　 　 　 　The immune status of patients with multiple myeloma is related to many factors, including the disease state and treatment stage (such as induction, remission vs first relapse vs relapse or refractory to multiple types and drugs), the degree of previous treatment (such as single drug vs multiline) and the intensity of treatment (such as triple induction vs autologous HSCT myeloablative regimen). In addition, continuous treatment can cause mild persistent immune suppression, which leads to an increase in the risk of infection. Immunomarkers can be used to determine whether there is cumulative immunosuppression.

glucocorticoid

　 　 　 　The cumulative dose of dexamethasone is an independent risk factor for infection, both during induction and at the time of recurrence. In addition, high-dose accumulation of glucocorticoids (for example, dexamethasone ≥40 mg/ day, 4 days per week) will increase the risk of opportunistic infections, including pneumocystis Yersinia.

Cytotoxic chemotherapy

　 　 　 　Conventional chemotherapy drugs, such as cyclophosphamide, etoposide, cisplatin, anthracyclines, melphalan and bendamustine, can enhance the susceptibility of patients with multiple myeloma to infection by inducing neutropenia, T cell dysfunction and mucosal damage.

Autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation

　 　 　 　High-dose melphalan combined with autologous HSCT (the standard treatment of multiple myeloma) can cause severe neutropenia and gastrointestinal mucositis, thus making patients susceptible to severe infections (mainly bacterial infections). Long-term T cell immune deficiency after implantation is rare, but it can increase the risk of virus infection and pneumocystis acquisition and reactivation.

Proteasome inhibitor

　 　 　 　Bortezomib can deplete T cells and impair viral antigen presentation, and the incidence of reactivation of varicella-zoster virus is relatively high in seropositive patients, so the preventive treatment of acyclovir is very important (NCCN grade 1). Caffezomib and Isazomib are also powerful immunosuppressants and have the same risk of viral infection. EMN guidelines recommend stopping antiviral preventive treatment 6 weeks after stopping PI. The authors suggest that the duration of prevention should be adjusted according to the immunosuppressive status of patients and whether other immunosuppressants (such as glucocorticoids or monoclonal antibodies) that increase the risk of varicella-zoster virus are given subsequently.

immunomodulator

　 　 　 　Lenalidomide and pomadomide can cause neutropenia, especially when combined with monoclonal antibodies. Granulocyte colony stimulating factor does not seem to reduce the risk of infection during lenalidomide treatment, but it can be used intermittently to fight chronic neutropenia. Thalidomide alone will not increase the risk of infection in patients with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma unless it is combined with other immunosuppressants (especially dexamethasone).

monoclonal antibody

　 　 　 　Monoclonal antibodies are associated with severe lymphopenia, pneumonia, reactivation of viral infection (especially varicella zoster virus) and opportunistic infection (especially in patients with intensive pretreatment). Clinical neutropenia may occur when monoclonal antibody is used in combination with lenalidomide or pomadumide, so the dosage needs to be adjusted. The neutropenia rate of CD38-targeted monoclonal antibody was higher than that of elotuzumab.

Selinexor in Cellini.

May lead to neutropenia-related infections.

New immune drugs

　 　 　 　Methods of targeting mature antigens of B cells, such as cell therapy (e.g. chimeric antigen receptor T cells), bispecific T cell adapters and antibody drug conjugates (e.g. belanatmab mafodotin), will all lead to immunosuppression because of targeting antibody-producing B cells and plasma cells. Therefore, patients with multiple myeloma who receive this treatment may need immunoglobulin replacement therapy. In addition, these treatments can lead to neutropenia and bone marrow suppression, and in some cases preventive use of antibiotics, antiviral coverage and antifungal coverage are needed.

Inhibition of bone resorption therapy

　 　 　 　Most patients with multiple myeloma will use anti-bone resorption therapy to prevent bone diseases. Rarely infected mandible and maxilla lead to jaw necrosis. Poor oral hygiene, poor denture fit, advanced periodontal disease and recent alveolar surgery are the risk factors. If infection occurs in the case of jaw necrosis, it is suggested to start using broad-spectrum antibiotics active against anaerobic bacteria, including actinomycetes spp46 and drug-resistant Bacteroides fragilis, such as clindamycin, carbapenems or β -lactamases or β -lactamase inhibitors. If the response to antibiotics is slow or unsatisfactory, or osteomyelitis is suspected, it is suggested to biopsy the lesion through staining and culture. Limited debridement may be required at this time; However, for refractory multiple myeloma, surgical resection should be reserve.

Kyphoplasty and vertebroplasty

　 　 　 　Vertebral kyphoplasty and vertebroplasty are generally well tolerated and are essential to control the pain associated with multiple myeloma of the vertebral body. In rare cases, spondylitis caused by Gram-positive bacteria (such as Staphylococcus aureus) can develop and evolve into paravertebral abscess. It is suggested that antibacterial prevention should be used 24 hours before operation and during operation when planning such operations for patients with high risk of infection.

Host factor

　 　 　 　Multiple myeloma mainly affects elderly patients with aging immune system (age ≥65 years old), whose antibody responses to pneumococcal and influenza vaccines are reduced, and the possibility of clinically significant complications is increased.

What factors can predict early and severe infection in MM patients?

　 　 　 　A considerable number of newly diagnosed patients with multiple myeloma will die prematurely before they can benefit from effective treatment, and the main reason is infection. Predictors of early and severe infection in newly diagnosed patients with multiple myeloma include high tumor load (ISS score II–III), abnormal increase of IDH, poor physical fitness and renal insufficiency.

　 　 　 　The prognosis model developed in 2018 divided patients into high-risk (infection rate was 24% during tertiary treatment) and low-risk (infection rate was 7%). In addition, men and high tumor load (ISS scores II-III and IDH increased) were risk factors for pneumonia, while high tumor load (ISS scores II-III) and increased serum creatinine concentration could independently predict the risk of sepsis.

Immune reconstruction after successful treatment

　 　 　 　Effective control of multiple myeloma can usually improve immunity. Immune reconstruction after autologous HSCT may provide an opportunity window for vaccination that may produce protective response.

Infection spectrum of patients with multiple myeloma

　 　 　 　With the introduction of new therapy, the types, severity and time of infection complications in patients with multiple myeloma have changed, and the complications mostly occur in the first few months of induction therapy and reach the peak in 4-6 months. The pathogens are mainly Gram-positive bacteria (such as coagulase-negative Staphylococcus, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae and Enterococcus faecalis) and Gram-negative bacteria (such as Haemophilus influenzae and Escherichia coli). In addition, tracheobronchitis and pneumonia caused by respiratory viruses (such as influenza and respiratory syncytial virus) are also common.

　 　 　 　Infection can reach its peak again during the treatment of recurrent diseases, so the immunity of patients with multiple myeloma is seriously damaged. In addition, the uncommon infections in patients with multiple myeloma include invasive pulmonary aspergillosis and viral infections, such as cytomegalovirus, hepatitis B virus (HBV) or hepatitis C virus (HCV) and parvovirus B19, and tuberculosis and other opportunistic infections are also rare.

Prevention and treatment strategies of multiple myeloma infection

　 　 　 　The key to reduce the burden of infection complications in patients with multiple myeloma is to carry out comprehensive staging in diagnosis and recurrence, so as to adjust individualized treatment strategies according to risks. Staging includes collecting clinical history (especially vaccination and past infection), checking physical health and evaluating the functional status of patients over 65 years old (that is, healthy, moderately healthy or weak).

　 　 　 　It is suggested to optimize the dose intensity in patients with high risk of severe infection (that is, high disease load or increased IDH) and clinically significant complications (especially renal insufficiency). In addition, it is suggested that the preventive strategies of immunosuppression state should be considered when using various previous treatment lines to treat recurrent patients, including vaccination against common pathogens (Table 2), paying attention to the time of vaccination (panel 2), and educating patients and nurses to take measures to reduce exposure to potential pathogen sources, including traveling (panel 3). In addition, it is suggested to carry out risk-adaptive antibacterial prevention in a small number of patients (Table 3), and consider immunoglobulin replacement and possible myeloid growth factor support. Careful monitoring during high immunosuppression therapy and after autologous HSCT may predict the risk and type of infection.

　

　

Panel 2: Vaccination Opportunity of Inactivated Vaccine for Multiple Myeloma Patients

MGUS, SMM or asymptomatic MM

These patients can respond to immunization.

Vaccination may be more effective for the following patients: MGUS with low concentration of M protein and SMM may need to be vaccinated repeatedly to be effective.

MM in need of treatment

MM status is related to insufficient immune response, and the precautions are as follows:

Inoculate as soon as possible

Vaccinate patients 14 days before starting treatment (preferred)

In partial remission (especially immune reconstruction)

Good remission is usually associated with immune reconstitution, with unaffected immunoglobulin returning to normal.

Inhibition of uninvolved immunoglobulin is a risk factor for insufficient response to repeated vaccination.

When the immunomodulator is used alone or in combination with proteasome inhibitor,

Immunomodulators alone or in combination with proteasome inhibitors are associated with increased possibility of serological response.

Maintenance therapy with a single immunomodulator (lenalidomide) can enhance immunity to some pathogens, but it will not enhance immunity when combined with dexamethasone.

Non-influenza respiratory tract infection in influenza season

Avoid immunization for the time being, because the response to the vaccine may not be sufficient, and the overall infection risk of patients with active multiple myeloma may increase.

During routine chemotherapy

Avoid vaccination until the disease is controlled, because the response of cancer patients may be insufficient, and the higher the load of multiple myeloma, the higher the risk of infection.

When high-dose myeloablative therapy combined with autologous HSCT

Avoid vaccination before autologous HSCT, because the response to the vaccine cannot be sufficient.

Patients were replanted 6-12 months after autologous HSCT, because patients would have severe humoral and cell-mediated immune deficiency after autologous HSCT, but the immune reconstruction was rapid.

The recovery of ?CD4 cell count is a marker of immune recovery.

Recurrent/Refractory Multiple Myeloma

Avoid immunization during active diseases, because the response to vaccines cannot be sufficient, especially in patients who have received several lines of treatment in the past.

Cumulative immunosuppression after extensive treatment can increase the net state of immunosuppression and the risk of severe infection.

The possibility of vaccine response decreases in descending order. There are no vaccine response data for monoclonal antibodies, Papi and Cellini.

　

Panel 3: Travel Notes for Patients with Multiple Myeloma

To evaluate the immune status, it is not recommended for patients with severe immune dysfunction to travel to potentially severe infection epidemic areas.

Update the patient’s immune status and verify the drug.

Patients are advised to use general protective measures, insect repellents, mosquito nets and protective clothing to minimize the risk of mosquito bite infection (such as malaria, dengue virus, Chikungunya fever, Zika virus and West Nile encephalitis) and ticks (such as Borrelia Lyme disease, tick-borne encephalitis and relapsing fever).

Provide relevant country-specific and region-specific vaccination according to the risk, including drugs against Neisseria meningitidis, hepatitis A virus and hepatitis B virus, and poliovirus.

Provide antibacterial prevention in specific countries and regions, including malaria and tuberculosis.

Provide antibiotics (such as fluoroquinolones or macrolides) that can be used for self-administration for persistent diarrhea with fever (> 48h), and actively encourage patients to seek medical treatment when the situation occurs.

Immunoglobulin seronegative and high-risk groups of hepatitis A virus infection should consider hepatitis A immunoglobulin, including those who go to areas where hepatitis A virus is prevalent.　

Educate patients and nursing staff as follows:

Understand specific risk areas, focusing on malaria and tuberculosis.

Avoid raw food, eat peelable fruits and vegetables, prevent travelers from diarrhea, and only drink bottled or boiled drinks.

Avoid bad cooking of meat

Avoid close contact or long-term contact with crowded tuberculosis patients and closed environments (such as hospitals or clinics); If you plan to travel, check for tuberculosis (skin or blood) before leaving and after returning home.

Avoid activities that increase the risk of fungal infection (such as digging) to prevent endemic fungal pneumonia.

Detection of infection

　 　 　 　Fever is regarded as the most important sign of infection in patients with multiple myeloma. Patients without fever should be highly suspicious, especially those receiving corticosteroids. It is suggested to obtain the vaccination history, past infection, virus serum status, disease status, recent treatment and related complications of patients to determine possible pathogenic pathogens, and of course, local epidemiology should also be considered.

　 　 　 　It is suggested that patients with febrile neutropenia and patients with infection should start empirical broad-spectrum antibiotic treatment when they are diagnosed and tested. In addition, it is suggested to choose drugs active against Streptococcus pneumoniae and Gram-negative pathogens, especially Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Antibacterials should be recommended according to clinical, imaging and microbiological results.

　 　 　 　Diagnostic tests of infection include complete blood cell count and classification, liver and kidney function examination, electrolyte examination and microscopic examination or culture of blood and other parts according to clinical indications. It is also recommended to obtain rapid pneumococcal antigen detection in urine, blood and cerebrospinal fluid samples when there are indications.

　 　 　 　For patients with respiratory manifestations, it is suggested to scan the chest and sinuses with CT, collect nasopharyngeal samples for respiratory pathogens detection, microscopic examination or culture of respiratory secretions, and detect Legionella urine antigen. For persistent fever with lung infiltration for more than 3-4 days, it is suggested to consider bronchoscopy combined with bronchoalveolar lavage or bronchial biopsy to determine conditional pathogens. Fungal infection markers, such as galactomannan and β-glucan, can be used when there are clinical indications.

　 　 　 　For abdominal symptoms and diarrhea, it is recommended to start using broad-spectrum antibiotics immediately. In addition, it is suggested that the infection of Clostridium difficile can be confirmed by stool samples. If it can be confirmed, it is suggested to add oral vancomycin because its activity is better than metronidazole. There is evidence that fidamycin is at least as effective as oral vancomycin for the confirmed Clostridium difficile infection, and may be related to the lower risk of recurrent infection, especially when it is used as extended pulse therapy for 25 days. Empirical treatment should be considered when severe colitis exists, especially when the infection index of Clostridium difficile is suspected to be high, until the diagnosis and detection results are obtained.

　 　 　 　It is suggested that the abdomen and pelvis should be scanned by CT to find severe focal signs and symptoms. According to local epidemiology, it is suggested to obtain PCR of fecal culture and intestinal pathogens, as well as other tests of intestinal parasites (such as Giardia and Cryptosporidium).

　 　 　 　If the fever persists and the cause is unknown, further diagnostic imaging examination is suggested to determine the existence, location and degree of infection. Once an infection cause is ruled out, other causes of fever diseases related to multiple myeloma should be considered, such as tumor fever, venous thromboembolism, adrenal insufficiency or implantation syndrome synchronized with bone marrow recovery after autologous HSCT. Other patients with stable clinical signs should consider non-infectious causes if their fever persists after the best exploration and antibacterial treatment. Tumor fever should be considered when the concentration of serum LDH and other markers of multiple myeloma in blood and urine increases abnormally. Fever associated with venous thromboembolism should be excluded by Doppler or ultrasound examination of limbs, ventilation or perfusion scanning or CT scanning, especially in patients at risk of venous thromboembolism, such as patients receiving immunomodulatory imide drugs or recombinant erythropoietin, patients with restraint (due to fracture or spinal cord compression) or patients with other known risk factors. Patients with fever of unknown origin should always consider drug-induced fever. Fever under the background of new immunization strategy may also be a symptom of cytokine release syndrome and should be treated appropriately.

Consider infection treatment according to the disease state and treatment period.

Newly diagnosed MM

　 　 　 　Because pneumococcus is a common pathogen when multiple myeloma is first diagnosed, it is suggested that pneumococcus vaccine should be inoculated as soon as possible (Table 2), and if there is fever or other infection, broad-spectrum antibacterial drugs active against pneumococcus should be given.

Induction treatment period of newly diagnosed MM

　 　 　 　A considerable proportion of newly diagnosed patients with multiple myeloma died in the first few months after diagnosis, mainly due to infection complications, so we should actively manage them by starting fast active drugs and treating complications related to multiple myeloma, such as renal failure. Levofloxacin can be considered for antibacterial prevention in the first 3 months of treatment, especially in patients with high risk of early infection, although its benefits are still unknown under the current triple and quadruple treatment strategies (NCCN 2A level). The benefits of using fluoroquinolones (such as levofloxacin) should be weighed, because these drugs are rarely associated with tendinopathy with rupture, especially Achilles tendon. The risk factors of tendinopathy include old age (> 60 years old), concomitant use of corticosteroids and renal insufficiency. Table 3 lists other antibacterial prevention suggestions according to disease stages and anti-tumor treatment types. The use of quinolones should be considered according to the degree and duration of neutropenia.

Autologous HSCT consolidation period

　 　 　 　Multiple myeloma patients with autologous HSCT are at risk of serious infection (mainly bacterial infection), so it is suggested to use antibacterial drugs to prevent it, and the immune deficiency after autologous HSCT may lead to clinically significant infection. It is recommended to monitor infection and prevent pneumocystis carinii for 3 months and prevent herpes simplex virus or varicella zoster virus for 1 year (NCCN 2A level) according to global guidelines. Antibacterial prevention is not a routine practice in all transplant centers around the world. Although its use reduces the incidence of fever and bloodstream infection, it does not translate into a reduction in mortality. Antibacterial prevention also needs to consider the risk of drug resistance.

Maintenance treatment period

Severe infection during maintenance treatment is mainly due to neutropenia, but the risk is low and the mortality rate is lower than 1%.

Treatment period of recurrent MM

　 　 　 　Patients with recurrent and refractory myeloma are at high risk of life-threatening broad-spectrum pathogen infection, including bacterial and viral infections (such as herpes simplex virus or varicella-zoster virus, cytomegalovirus, HBV and HCV). Fungal pneumonia, including invasive pulmonary aspergillosis and pneumocystis, may also occur.

Infection screening

　 　 　 　For relapsed/refractory MM with positive cytomegalovirus serum reaction, it is suggested to detect HBV (cytomegalovirus antigenemia or quantitative PCR) or circulating HBV DNA(NCCN 2B grade) before starting treatment. Patients with high suspicion suggest that serum Aspergillus galactomannan antigen should be tested before symptoms appear to detect invasive pulmonary aspergillosis. The effect of serum (1,3)-β-D- glucan on invasive pulmonary aspergillosis is not clear, but it may be a useful auxiliary means to diagnose pneumocystis disease.

　 　 　 　According to the patient’s serum status, HBV reactivation can lead to severe complications and death in patients with multiple myeloma, and usually occurs after autologous HSCT. In addition, HBV reactivation was rarely observed after treatment with CD38-targeted monoclonal antibody. It is suggested that patients should be managed according to their HBV serum status and the type and duration of immunosuppressive therapy (Table 3). It is suggested that antiviral prevention should be used for patients with HBV reactivation or high risk of disease, or early preemptive treatment should be used for patients with low risk. Only in the presence of clinically relevant diseases (such as cytopenia and cytomegalovirus diseases) can cytomegalovirus disease be treated.

　 　 　 　The effect of chronic HCV on the course of multiple myeloma is not very clear, but it is known that it will be reactivated after chemotherapy, and it may be necessary to reduce or stop taking drugs, but acute liver failure or death is not the outcome of chronic HCV infection. It is suggested that HCV serum status should be evaluated when multiple myeloma is diagnosed, and interferon α-free treatment schemes, such as direct antiviral drugs (such as sofebuvir, cimetivir and redipavir), should be used during the whole treatment period, and serum alanine aminotransferase and HCV viral load should be closely monitored.

Before stem cell mobilization, it is very important to monitor HCV viral load and treat infection. Chronic HCV infection may cause three-line hemocytopenia and lead to poor mobilization. Cancer patients may rarely lose HCV seropositivity, so it is suggested to measure HCV viral load when the patient’s serum status is unknown. It is recommended to seek help from infectious disease experts in complex situations.

vaccine

General principle of multiple myeloma vaccine

　 　 　 　Although the response to vaccination is usually very small, partial protection may still reduce the infection rate and hospitalization rate, but it should also be noted that the duration of benefit is unknown and may vary with vaccination time. Although the safety of most vaccines has not been tested in patients with multiple myeloma, inactivated vaccines such as influenza and pneumococcal vaccines are safe. Patients with multiple myeloma strongly recommend vaccination against Streptococcus pneumoniae and seasonal influenza virus, as well as vaccines necessary for local epidemiology (such as HBV). Splenectomy patients are also vaccinated against Haemophilus influenzae.

　 　 　 　It is suggested that patients with multiple myeloma should be vaccinated with pneumococcal vaccine, including one dose of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13) and another dose of polysaccharide vaccine (PPS V23) at least 8 weeks later. If the patient has been vaccinated with PPSV23 before, it is recommended to be vaccinated with PCV13(NCCN 2A grade; Table 2). The protective titer of pneumococcus is unknown, which may vary according to serotype. If a breakthrough pneumococcal infection occurs after vaccination, it is suggested to try to identify the serotype of the strain to report the non-response to the vaccine (if possible). The purpose of serotype identification is to determine whether this serotype is included in the PCV13 vaccine-for example, patients vaccinated with PCV7 or PCV10. In this case, consider vaccination with PCV13 vaccine.

　 　 　 　Because the antibody response of pneumococcal vaccine may not be ideal, it may be useful to prolong antibiotic prevention in patients with recurrent pneumococcal infection and patients with invasive pneumococcal disease. Although penicillin G is the standard treatment, antibiotics based on strain sensitivity and local drug resistance patterns that have caused invasive pneumococcal diseases in the past can be used. Fluoroquinolones (such as levofloxacin), azithromycin or second-generation penicillin or cephalosporin are reasonable substitutes (NCCN 2B grade). (panel 1)。

　 　 　 　Vaccination against seasonal influenza virus is necessary because cancer patients are at increased risk of infection and death. It is suggested that patients with multiple myeloma be vaccinated with two doses of inactivated tetravalent influenza vaccine instead of standard vaccine, regardless of age (NCCN 2A level). The initial dose should be given as early as possible in the flu season, and the second high-dose booster vaccination should be carried out one month later. For patients with inactivated influenza vaccine in serious adverse events, two doses of recombination vaccines can be considered.

　 　 　 　It is generally recommended to vaccinate against HBV, especially for patients with high risk of virus infection (NCCN 2A level). Other potentially useful vaccines for patients with multiple myeloma include vaccines against Neisseria meningitidis, tetanus, diphtheria and pertussis, and inactivated poliovirus vaccines.

　 　 　 　Because of the increased risk of reactivation of varicella-zoster virus during the treatment of multiple myeloma, vaccination should be considered to reduce the risk of infection and post-herpetic neuralgia. It is suggested that patients with multiple myeloma should be vaccinated with recombinant herpes zoster vaccine instead of live herpes zoster vaccine, because it is safe (that is, non-live vaccine) and can provide higher and longer-lasting prevention of herpes zoster, thus preventing post-herpetic neuralgia (NCCN grade 1). However, even after vaccination, patients treated with proteasome inhibitors or CD38-targeted monoclonal antibodies should continue to receive acyclovir preventive treatment, because the degree of protection provided by vaccination is difficult to assess (NCCN 2A level). Specifically, patients with multiple myeloma have different immune responses and are highly dependent on their immune status, so they cannot be prevented by vaccination alone. For patients who have been vaccinated with live herpes zoster vaccine in the past, it is recommended to vaccinate with 2 doses of recombinant herpes zoster vaccine at least 8 weeks after vaccination.

　 　 　 　Generally speaking, due to the lack of safety or efficacy data, live vaccines are not recommended for patients with multiple myeloma. For patients with MGUS and SMM, considering their relatively healthy immune system, we can consider vaccination with live vaccine. Measles, mumps and rubella vaccines and live herpes zoster vaccine have been used after HSCT. If patients are in remission, they can be considered for use under certain circumstances.

Vaccination of non-immune close contacts

　 　 　 　Patients with multiple myeloma, especially those receiving treatment, may not be able to produce immune response to pathogens, and close contacts vaccinated with inactivated vaccine may also provide group immunity for patients. Therefore, according to vaccination history, age and exposure history, it is suggested that non-immune close contacts should be vaccinated with vaccines that are usually suitable for individuals with normal immune function, and it should be emphasized that inactivated vaccines (NCCN 2A level) should be used. Encourage the medical care and family members of patients with multiple myeloma to receive all designated immunization, especially seasonal influenza virus immunization.

Immunoglobulin substitution

　 　 　 　Immunoglobulin replacement can be administered intravenously, subcutaneously or intramuscularly. Intravenous immunoglobulin is recommended for patients with plateau multiple myeloma who have hypogammaglobulinemia and recurrent bacterial infection and have no response to pneumococcal immunization. However, immunoglobulin substitution supports the scarcity of contemporary data, high cost, limited availability and the possibility of complications (including acute renal failure and cardiovascular events). It is suggested that replacement therapy should be limited to patients with serum IgG concentration below 400 mg/dL and severe and recurrent infection caused by capsular bacteria (or other pathogens reasonably thought to be caused by hypogammaglobulinemia), even with antibacterial prevention and immunization (NCCN 2A level).

　 　 　 　Another potential consideration includes patients with insufficient antibody production, especially pneumococcal vaccine. Using immunoglobulin replacement therapy can only benefit patients infected with pathogens, which may respond according to the specific antibody titer against the target pathogen in intravenous immunoglobulin preparation; For example, it is used for infection caused by severe parvovirus B19 in patients with multiple myeloma.

　 　 　 　When planning to use intravenous immunoglobulin, it is necessary to evaluate the patient’s immune status and infection history (especially recurrent infection), and carry out laboratory examination of immune parameters (including specific antibody response) to determine the patients who can benefit from early intravenous immunoglobulin intervention.

　 　 　 　Immunoglobulin infusion is usually well tolerated, and most reactions are frequency dependent. But serious complications may also occur, including acute renal failure and rare cardiovascular events (such as myocardial infarction, stroke or venous thromboembolism). It is suggested to give standard preoperative medication to reduce the severity of infusion-related reactions, and to replenish water before infusion, especially in patients with hyperviscosity, risk factors of renal complications and receiving sucrose-containing preparations. It is suggested that intravenous immunoglobulin therapy should be started at a slow rate of 0.01 mL/kg/min and gradually increased to a maximum rate of 0.08 mL/kg/min according to the tolerance. If the serum IgA concentration cannot be detected, it is recommended to use intravenous immunoglobulin to remove IgA.

Post-exposure prevention of immunosuppressed MM patients

　 　 　 　 Immunoglobulin prevention may have protective effect on patients with multiple myeloma who are immunosuppressed after exposure to chickenpox, herpes zoster and hepatitis A (NCCN 2B grade). Serious diseases after exposure to herpes zoster, especially chickenpox, are very high, so it is very important to determine the risk level. The infectious stage begins 1-2 days before the rash occurs, so patients can appear several days after exposure. Except the recipients of autologous HSCT, all immunocompromised patients with a history of chickenpox infection can be considered immune. For patients with no history of varicella infection, risk assessment includes determining the susceptibility and exposure duration of patients. Risk factors include recent use of proteasome inhibitors, previous vaccination against varicella, severe immunosuppression, and close face-to-face or indoor contact for more than 1 hour. Post-exposure prevention depends on varicella-zoster immunoglobulin, ideally within 96 hours after exposure, but the benefit can be extended to 10 days. If immunoglobulin of varicella-zoster is not easily available, it is recommended to use acyclovir after exposure. The typical incubation period of chickenpox is 14-16 days. However, since the immunoglobulin of varicella zoster may prolong the incubation period, it is recommended to monitor the evidence of varicella for up to 28 days after exposure in the recipients of this therapy.

　 　 　 　For patients with multiple myeloma who travel to areas where hepatitis A virus is prevalent, it is recommended to give 0.02 mL/kg of hepatitis A immunoglobulin within 2 weeks of travel, and give the initial dose of hepatitis A vaccine. It is recommended to give a dose of hepatitis A immunoglobulin to patients with known exposure.

　 　 　 　For patients who have not been vaccinated against HBV or whose anti-HBV titer is less than 10 IU/L after vaccination, it is suggested to use tenofovir or entecavir for prevention to avoid the need for HBV immunoglobulin.

　 　 　 　Patients may occasionally need tetanus immunoglobulin 138 or human rabies immunoglobulin 139 after specific high-risk exposure. For patients at risk of respiratory syncytial virus infection in virus season, it is not recommended to use intravenous immunoglobulin or palizumab, that is, humanized monoclonal antibody against respiratory syncytial virus F glycoprotein.

Myeloid growth factor

　 　 　 　Prophylactic granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor (granulocyte colony stimulating factor is better) is recommended for patients without fever, and the risk of fever and neutropenia in these patients is at least 20%(NCCN 2A grade). The decision on whether to use granulocyte colony stimulating factor to prevent treatment delay (such as treatment delay related to lenalidomide) should be considered individually. Chronic neutropenia occasionally needs the support of growth factors.

references

1. Jessica Caro, Marc Braunstein, Louis Williams, et al. Inflammation and infection in plasma cell disorders: how pathogens shape the fate of patients. Leukemia . 2022 Feb 2. doi: 10.1038/s41375-021-01506-9.

2. Noopur S Raje, Elias Anaissie,Shaji K Kumar, et al.Consensus guidelines and recommendations for infection prevention in multiple myeloma: a report from the International Myeloma Working Group. Lancet Haematol . 2022 Feb; 9(2):e143-e161. doi: 10.1016/S2352-3026(21)00283-0

The windward slope of the Himalayas is the place with the most precipitation in the world. The annual precipitation exceeds 10,000 mm, which is about 10 meters. And to the north of the Himalayas, the whole place is barren and completely desert.

Many people are thinking, if I blow a big hole in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau or the Himalayas and put water vapor in it, will the climate of the whole Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and the whole northwest change fundamentally and become a land of plenty?

Text | Wei Ke Associate Research Fellow lasg

This article was reprinted from WeChat WeChat official account "Yi Xi Club" (ID: yixiclub). The original article was first published on June 7, 2021. The original title was "If we blow a big hole in the Himalayas, will the whole northwest become a land of fish and rice?" | Wei Ke’s 771st Speaker does not represent the viewpoint of a think tank.

Why is the northwest unusually dry?

Hello, I’m Wei Ke, from lasg. The Institute of Atmospheric Physics was formerly the Institute of Meteorology, Academia Sinica during the Republic of China, and its first director was Mr. Zhu Kezhen, so the research on climate in China has a history of more than 90 years since then.

Our institute of atmospheric physics has an observation station in the Gobi desert, which is about 200 kilometers away from Dunhuang city. It is very dry around this observation station, as it was a few days ago.

On May 24th, this observatory in Gobi ushered in the nth sandstorm this year, where n is a relatively large number.

If the wind speed will decrease a little in a few days and wait until summer, then it is likely to be like this.

As you can see, whether it’s spring or summer, no matter how full of green is in our eastern region,This place seems to be deserted forever, very, very dry.

Let me make some comparisons here. For example, as many of us know, Yan ‘an and Yulin are above the Loess Plateau and seem to be relatively dry areas. But in fact, from the annual average precipitation, we can see that the upper left picture shows the precipitation in Yan’ an, with an annual average of more than 500 mm. The average annual precipitation in Beijing is close to 600 mm, so Yan ‘an is not much different from Beijing.

But when we compare it, we know that the annual precipitation in Dunhuang is about 40 mm, which is less than one day’s precipitation in the eastern region. It is normal for a rainstorm in the eastern region to reach 100 mm. Take a look again. Yinchuan is 193mm, Xining is 387mm and Urumqi is 270mm. These places are very dry.

Recently, some people may have seen a news that the Mu Us Desert in northern Shaanxi seems to be disappearing soon. But in fact, the average annual precipitation in places like Maowusu is close to 400 mm, and ecological restoration in those places is possible.The annual precipitation in Dunhuang is less than 50 mm, so it is basically impossible to turn these places into a place of full of green.

If you want to know the climate of China, it is actually very simple. You can basically divide China into two parts by drawing a line from the northeast to the southwest.

Southeast China is a land of plenty, with a large population, active economy and a lot of precipitation. The whole northwest region is relatively dry, and its economic activity is not as good as that of the eastern region. This is a very typical climate dividing line.This climatic dividing line is often called "Hu Huanyong Line", which basically runs along the dividing line with an average annual precipitation of 400 mm..

If we push the dividing line further west, we will find that there is an area where the average annual precipitation does not exceed 200 mm at most, which is in this orange area.

▲ Average annual precipitation

Comparing the precipitation in South China, the average annual precipitation can often reach 1600 mm, which is very large.

It’s just that there is little precipitation. The evaporation in this place is very large.There is basically no cloudy weather all year round, and the sun is direct, which is very suitable for evaporation, so the annual evaporation is very large, basically above 1000 mm.

▲ Annual potential evaporation

In Dunhuang and other places I circled in red, the evaporation is even close to 2000 mm. Then let’s think about the balance of water-the precipitation is 200 mm, but it is possible to evaporate 2000 mm. It is strange that this place is not dry.

Why is this place so dry? In fact, the reason is very simple.Geographically, this place is inland and lacks water vapor. Water vapor comes from the ocean, but it is very far from any ocean.

If we want to find a place on the earth, which is the farthest from the ocean, I guess it must be in the northwest. Whether it is from the Pacific Ocean in the east, the Indian Ocean in the south, the Atlantic Ocean in the west or the Arctic Ocean in the north, it is very far away. So even if there is water vapor flow and atmospheric circulation, it can’t come in the middle.

We made such a numerical simulation. If there is only land, but there is no Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, no Pamirs Plateau and no barrier of these landforms, the simulated climate is the same, and there is very little precipitation in Central Asia.

This arrow represents the wind direction, which means the direction of water vapor transportation. We don’t think the water vapor from the Indian Ocean will go directly to the north, but it will turn east when it walks and turn to the eastern part of our country.

Another reason, we call it the foehn effect in meteorology.The distribution of water vapor on the earth satisfies relatively simple physical laws, which we call Clabolon-Clausius equation. The higher the temperature, the closer it is to the ground, the more water vapor can be contained in the air. The lower the temperature and the higher the distance from the ground, the lower the water vapor content in the atmosphere.

If there is a mountain, on the windward side of the mountain, the wind comes with water vapor and then climbs gradually. In the process of climbing, the temperature of the air gradually decreases, and soon it will condense to form rainfall, and then precipitation will form on the windward slope.

Because the water has been lowered in the process of climbing the mountain, it becomes dry air after climbing the mountain. So we can see that,In the windward slope, it is generally very humid, while in the leeward slope, dry and hot valleys often form.

The whole northwest of China is surrounded by mountains.The Qinghai-Tibet Plateau in the south, the Pamirs and Tianshan Mountains in the west, and the mountains in the north. The east is very, very far from the sea, so if there is airflow over the mountains, no matter where you come from, it will definitely dry up there.

If the air flows from the Indian Ocean to the northwest, then you can think about which mountains it will cross-Himalayas, Gangdise Mountains, Tanggula Mountains and Karakorum Mountains. This series of mountains is turned over, and each mountain is like a dehydrator.

The airflow rushed directly to the height of more than 6,000 meters in the sky, and it was continuously dehydrated during the mountain climbing. The remaining water vapor continued to take off when passing through the next mountain range until it reached the northwest, and it became very dry, and no water vapor could fall down.

On the other hand, there is the role of atmospheric circulation.. If our land and sea distribution does not change, one side is Eurasia, the other side is the Pacific Ocean, and the south is the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, at this time, a high pressure center will definitely form in the high altitude of this place in the northwest, just like the dark area I gave in the picture.

Where the high pressure area is located, the air sinks, and when it sinks, it will easily make the clouds dissipate, and the sinking will form a warming.So even if there is a little cloud in that place, it will dissipate in the process of sinking and become cloudless weather. Therefore, the northwest region is basically the region with the strongest solar radiation and the richest solar energy resources in our country.

Then these points are combined, far away from the ocean, deep inland and surrounded by mountains-the foehn effect after the formation of mountains makes this place very dry.

Let’s compare. This picture is along the north and south of the Himalayas. We can see that in the south of the Himalayas, it is a green country. The whole Indochina Peninsula, as well as South Asia, is very humid and the precipitation is very high.

▲ North and South Himalayas

The windward slope of the Himalayas is the place with the most precipitation in the world. The annual precipitation exceeds 10,000 mm, which is about 10 meters.And to the north of the Himalayas, the whole place is barren and completely desert.

In addition, if you look at the contrast between the north and the south of Tianshan Mountain, you can see that it is humid on the windward side of Tianshan Mountain, but it is very dry and deserted on the leeward side.

▲ North and South Tianshan Mountains

If we match the terrain and precipitation in the whole country, we can see that,The precipitation in the eastern part of our country comes from the Pacific Ocean. In the process of westward advancement, the water vapor in the Pacific Ocean first forms precipitation in Nanling, Lingnan and the area south of Wuyishan in South China.. The average annual precipitation in these places can reach 1600 mm.

After dehydration of a series of ups and downs in Nanling and Wuyishan,In the Yangtze river basin, the average annual precipitation will drop to 1000 ~ 1200mm.. These mountains in Nanling are not particularly high, only a few hundred meters at the highest, so this dehydration effect can be achieved.

Then when we go west from the first step to the second step of our country, we have to cross Wushan, Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau and Taihang Mountains. After this series of mountain dehydration,In places like Shaanxi and Shanxi, the average annual precipitation drops to 500-700 mm.

Note that even when the precipitation drops to 500 and 700 in this place, we haven’t encountered a particularly decent mountain. For example, Huashan Mountain, the highest mountain in the Five Mountains, is only over 2,000 meters above sea level, which is less than halfway up the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, because the average ground height of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is above 4,500 meters. You can imagine how dry this water vapor will become when it goes west and passes through a series of mountains.

one

How long is the history of drought in northwest China?

Northwest China is not so dry just now. If we look at the history of northwest China, we will know that the dry history of this place is very long. We know that there are coal and oil in many places in Xinjiang, which shows that the ecological conditions in this place were very good before, and there may have been forests and lake bottoms.

In fact, this place is a place called the Deputy Tethys Sea in history. This sea has gradually shrunk and become the present Mediterranean, while the western region has gradually retreated from the coastal area to the inland area.

When that place becomes dry, the wind will scrape out the soil on the ground and then fall down in other places, forming the loess plateau with a very large area in our country. Therefore, by investigating the history of the Loess Plateau, we can know how long the history of drought in northwest China is.According to the current research, the Loess Plateau has a history of about 22 million years, so the drought in the northwest has such a long history.

With the uplift of the Himalayas and the uplift of the whole Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, the whole northwest has become drier. Some numerical simulations made by scientists confirm this process.

For example, if we assume that there is only land, but there is no Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and the whole Pamirs, we will gradually increase the altitude, the scale of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau will gradually increase, and the altitude will gradually increase, and the height is only 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% of the current height. Then we will simulate its climate.

It is found that during the uplift of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, the precipitation in Central Asia and northwest China depicted by the red circle is gradually decreasing, while the precipitation in the southern region is gradually increasing. That is to say, that place is already in the inland area, which is very dry, and the uplift of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau has reduced the precipitation in that place and made it drier.

2

Blow a big hole in the Himalayas

So many people are thinking,If I blow a big hole in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau or the Himalayas and put water vapor in it, will the climate of the whole Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and the whole northwest change fundamentally and become a land of plenty?

In fact, scientists have thought about this idea. In a speech recorded by Mr. Li Ruihuan in 1995, it was mentioned that some scientists also mentioned this idea, including Mr. Qian Xuesen and Mr. Qian Sanqiang.

The scientific community has had a serious discussion on this topic.Although the Himalayas is a long mountain range, it actually has many mountain passes and many small openings, one of which is the entire Yarlung Zangbo River Grand Canyon, which looks like this.

▲ Natural water vapor channel-Yarlung Zangbo Grand Canyon

The Yarlung Zangbo River flows from west to east, turns through the Grand Canyon, and then flows south and out of the border.

This is a natural incision.Can this cut bring about a better climate in the whole Qinghai-Tibet Plateau? The answer is no.

Even if there is such a hole, it has not brought about fundamental climate change in the whole Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.The only influence is that there are many towering snow-capped mountains on both sides of the Yarlung Zangbo River Grand Canyon, and the scale and number of snow-capped mountains are more than those in other places.

Many people may say that this cut in the canyon looks a little small, and we want to make a bigger one. Then if you open your mouth a little wider, will it fundamentally change the climate? Scientists have done some numerical simulations about this problem. We simulated a big hole-about 1000 kilometers wide, 1000 kilometers wide, and driving from Beijing is almost to Wuhan; It is about 1000 meters deep.

The result is that after opening such a hole, there will be some increase in precipitation in the southern and central areas of this hole, but the precipitation in the northern part of this hole will decrease.

The reason is very simple. After the opening, the dry air from the north will go south along the opening and meet the air from the south in the opening, thus increasing some precipitation in the southern and central regions, while the precipitation in the northern region will decrease due to the influence of the dry air. This does not seem to bring more water resources to the whole northwest region.

Then someone may have said, can you drive a little deeper? It seems that you have only dug 4000 meters. Can you dig further? OK, our researchers have done some numerical simulations.

If an incision is made, it is 300 kilometers wide, as far as driving from Beijing to Shijiazhuang, and the depth reaches zero meters above sea level, that is, it is as deep as the sea level. From the Bay of Bengal, whether Bangladesh agrees or not, Nepal agrees or not, no matter what, it will push all the way from the seaside there to dig through the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.

The simulation results are basically similar to the previous results, with precipitation increasing in the southern part of the passage and still decreasing in the northern part.The reason is simple: dry air from the north came in. Then this gives us a revelation: we may shake mountains easily, but it is difficult to shake the whole atmospheric circulation, and the whole circulation will not change fundamentally.

The reason why Kaizi can’t change the climate of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and northwest China is that even if such a hole is opened, it can’t change the root cause of drought in northwest China.First, it is far from any ocean; Second, the mountains are all around, and any airflow over the mountains will sink, which will form a warming, and the warming will become very dry.

There is another point. Even if there are no mountains, as long as there is a normal distribution of land and sea in Eurasia and the Pacific Ocean, a high-pressure area will be formed in this place, and the high-pressure area is a sinking airflow.

Last year, we wrote some popular science articles in Voice of Chinese Academy of Sciences, discussing with you why the proposal of Himalayan mountain mouth is not reliable. At this time, many people contacted us and said that you might have opened your mouth in a wrong position. It is said that the water vapor in the northwest of China does not come from the south, does not pass through the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, but passes through the Pamirs from the west. So you shouldn’t open your mouth in the south, you should open it in the west, and make a big hole in the Pamirs, which may make the northwest moist.

And opening from the west has many advantages over opening from the south, one of which is opening in our country.

Why? There is an Ili Valley area in the northwest of our country, which is basically the area with the best environment in the northwest. We can see from this picture that it is a trumpet-shaped terrain, which opens to the west, allowing water vapor from the west to come in, and then gradually gathers along this trumpet-shaped mouth to form precipitation here.Because the mountains over there are very high, they not only converge, but also rise, forming a very good ecological environment and climate environment in the Ili Valley.

The average annual precipitation here can reach about 400 ~ 500mm, and even 600mm in some places, and there are 50mm and 100mm precipitation around, which is simply a paradise.

The opening they said is at this intersection. Open the middle place. In fact, let’s zoom in and have a look. Central Asia is very far away from the Atlantic Ocean, the Mediterranean Sea and so on, so there are already many deserts in West Asia itself. For example, the west side of the five Central Asian countries is the famous red desert and black desert. These arid areas.

The reason why Central Asia can form a little wet place is that the five Central Asian countries near China are windward slopes of Pamirs, and the terrain of this place rises directly from one or two kilometers above sea level to four or five kilometers, with very steep terrain uplift.

In the process of this uplift, even if the air is unusually dry, it can form some precipitation after such a large altitude change and strong dehydration. Therefore, the capitals of the five Central Asian countries are basically located at the bottom of the windward slope, and the environment is not bad.

If we shovel the whole Pamirs, the windward slope here will disappear. As long as the windward slope disappears, the precipitation in this place will disappear, so it is very likely that the rare wet areas of the five Central Asian countries will all disappear and Central Asia will become a desert.

Even if water vapor enters China, we will find that our place is a basin, with Junggar Basin in the north and Tarim Basin in the south. The elevations of both basins are lower than those around. The average elevation of Tarim Basin is 1,100 meters, while the average elevation of Junggar Basin is only over 600 meters.

You removed the windward slope over there, and after the water vapor came over, you still had to cross a low highland, and then it sank. You destroyed other people’s climate and there was still no precipitation in your place.Because it is still affected by the foehn, it will not change the climate here.

In fact, scientists have done some other numerical simulations. For example, in this picture, if there is no terrain, there is no Qinghai-Tibet high, there is no Pamirs, there are no Tianshan Mountains and Altai Mountains, and there are no mountains. As a result of the simulation, we can see that this white area is an arid area, and this place in northwest Central Asia, including Mongolia, is a very arid area.

▲ Zhang Ran et al., 2016, Quaternary research.

three

Is it getting warm and wet in the northwest?

Since last year, the topic of northwest becoming warm and humid has been brought up again. Some people say that our northwest has become more humid, and this place will soon become like the Tang Dynasty. If we go further, we will catch up with the Zhou Dynasty, and our whole northwest will become a relatively humid place.

We can see that these big media, Xinhua News Agency, Global Times, and especially Global Times, use this headline-"The real event, the cold and arid northwest is getting warmer and wetter". Everyone suddenly had an illusory idea, as if the ecology of northwest China had undergone a fundamental change in recent years. According to this change, that place will get better and better.

Many people think it is a new change, but in fact it is an old topic. In 2002 and 2003, scientists have already discussed this topic. The famous geographer Mr. Shi Yafeng has analyzed some changes that have taken place in the northwest. In some places, precipitation has increased slightly, and the amount of water in lakes has increased in some places. In some places, there will be some seasonal floods and so on.He pointed out the fundamental problem, that is, the climate in northwest China has its own limitations, so it is not appropriate to exaggerate its role.

We also made some analysis on the specific changes.The reason why many people think that the northwest is becoming humid is because they have observed an increase in precipitation in the northwest.. For example, the picture at the top left shows the annual precipitation changes from the 1960s to the present. The dark line curve shows its trend, and we can see that the precipitation has indeed increased in the past so many years.

In the past, the average precipitation was about 100 mm, and it increased to about 120 mm, which is a great increase.

However, we noticed that during this period, the temperature in the northwest increased faster than that in other parts of the world because of the global temperature increase. The picture on the upper right shows that the temperature in the northwest is increasing, and the increasing speed is two to three times faster than that in the eastern part of China.

The increase in temperature has brought about a great change, that is, the potential evaporation is also increasing rapidly.The increase of potential evaporation is greater than that of precipitation. This means that with the increase of precipitation, this place will become even drier.

Let’s look at the change of relative humidity in the picture at the bottom right: from 1980s to 1990s, the relative humidity in that place increased because of the increase of precipitation. However, from the 1990s to the present, because of the increase of temperature and potential evaporation, the relative humidity in that place has gradually decreased and become drier.

This is the drought index we analyzed. Red means getting drier, blue means getting wetter, and the bigger the red dot, the more serious the drought is. We see that among so many observation stations in the northwest, only one station has been slightly wetted, and all other stations have become drier.

Let’s compare the dry and wet changes in other different areas. If this dry and wet index is positive, it means that this place is getting drier and drier. We see that the dry-wet index of Tarim Basin has always maintained a relatively high value, about 1000, which means that the evaporation in this place is more than 1000 mm than the precipitation, and this value is still increasing, and this trend has been going up.

Hetao area is also a dry area, and its value is also positive, and it has been rising and becoming drier. The only place in the source region of the Yellow River seems to have a slight trend of drought relief, but this trend is not particularly obvious.

Let’s compare the changes between drought and humidity in our country. This shaded area indicates that these areas are becoming more arid. From H to SH, it means from humid to semi-humid, from SH to SA means from semi-humid to semi-arid, and from SA to A means from semi-arid to drought.

We see that in the northern part of our country, from the whole northeast to north China, and to the eastern part of the northwest, a large range of local droughts are still developing, and the droughts in these places have become more serious.Therefore, we can’t be optimistic that some areas in the northwest have increased precipitation and improved ecology, so we think that we seem to have entered the next stage, and the northwest seems to be getting wet.

In fact, our country as a whole is experiencing the development of drought, so we should deeply understand what the ecological environment changes in different places are because of. Many places, including northern Shaanxi and Hetao areas, including the Mu Us Desert, have enough precipitation, which is generally close to 400 mm, or more than 400 mm. As long as people don’t destroy it, the ecology in these places will gradually recover. Therefore, our various measures of returning farmland to forests and grasslands will change the ecology of that place.

However, if the precipitation in the northwest is 200 mm, it can’t be restored by returning farmland to forests and grasslands. The precipitation in that place is not enough to support the growth of trees or decent grass. It is a desert.

In other places, the mountains have become wetter, and more trees will be seen on the top of the mountain, or grass will flourish. This is probably because the glaciers on the mountains have melted.The melting of glaciers is due to global warming, which is not a good thing, but a sign of the decline of the whole ecosystem. What you see is that the place turns green, but what is actually hidden is a bigger crisis.

One more thing, the increase of precipitation in some places in northwest China is not like "spring rain moistens like oil", but in the form of heavy rain, two heavy rains suddenly, and then this year’s precipitation ended, so it not only did not alleviate the drought, but brought floods.

Like Dunhuang in July last year, where the annual precipitation was less than 40 mm, two rainstorms closed the Mogao Grottoes for several days, and the impact on this place was not positive.

The whole northwest is so dry, we told you the reasons and the changes in recent years. Some people may feel desperate, and that place seems to have no hope of change.

This is definitely not the case. This place is full of hope.We can change its ecology in various ways.For example, even in such a arid area of Xinjiang, the agricultural irrigation in many places is like the one on the left. The water from the snow-capped mountains is flooded, and a canal brings in the water from one end and comes out from the other, and the land is watered.

However, the way of flood irrigation is very wasteful, and it will be completely sunburned in two days, because the evaporation in that place is very large. There are a lot of water resources from snow-capped mountains in these places, and it would be a great waste if this way is adopted.

We all know that many melons and fruits in the northwest are very good, just because the environment there is enough to produce such an effect. To develop agriculture, if we can improve the whole water-saving irrigation technology, such as the application of drip irrigation and sprinkler irrigation, and strengthen the investment in this part of agriculture, this place will definitely change a lot.

There are still many people who think that there seems to be no vitality in the desert in the northwest. In fact, if the water resources in that place can be used reasonably, it can also glow with certain vitality in this place.

This photo is the scene in the desert that I took around the observatory mentioned at the beginning. We still found many small plants growing in the desert, and that place is not barren.

This little video shows that butterflies are still flying in the very arid Gobi Desert, so this place hides a lot of vitality and has its own ecosystem.Therefore, for such a very fragile area, our protection is the first, and development is the second.

Original title: "If you blow a big hole in the Himalayas, will the northwest become a land of fish and rice?" 》

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In the early 1970s, the first computerized tomography (CT) was born, and since then, the "secrets" of the human body have been unobstructed in front of doctors. With the rapid popularization of CT technology, CT examination has gradually become one of the important auxiliary tools for clinical disease diagnosis.

CT is actually the abbreviation of computerized X-ray tomography technology. According to the different absorption and transmittance of X-rays by different tissues in our body, we use high-sensitivity instruments to measure the human body, and then process the measured data through the computer, take a cross-section or three-dimensional image of the examined part of our body, and finally form a complete three-dimensional information, which can help doctors find some diseases in the human body. This is the basic principle of CT.

There is a saying among doctors that "CT is in hand, and I have it in the world". Although this sentence is ridiculous, it does reflect the increasingly widespread use of CT to some extent.

But everything has two sides, and the convenience brought by CT examination is unquestionable. At the same time, some worrying questions have emerged: for example, why are you required to have a CT examination as soon as you go to the hospital? Isn’t CT a bit rampant? Is there any radiation in CT examination? Will it cause cancer?

Perhaps many people have encountered a similar situation: a headache, to do a CT; I have a stomachache, so I have to do a CT. Leg hurts, arm hurts, or do a CT. …

The doctor said to do a CT. What can I do as a patient? Of course, I choose to obey. Even if I have complaints in my heart and my stomach is full of doubts, I still have to do CT.

Although the price of CT varies from region to region, it is generally several hundred. Especially when multiple parts need to be together, the price is doubled.

So a puzzling phenomenon appeared: I obviously went to see a doctor, but I only talked with the doctor for two minutes. I haven’t asked why, and the disease has not been diagnosed. Thousands of dollars have been spent.

Why is CT examination so rampant now? Is it really because doctors are not good enough? Or do doctors want to earn black-hearted money? Now I want to talk about a real case.

This is a 42-year-old male patient. At first, the patient’s stool became thinner and didn’t care. Later, the situation became more and more wrong. The stool not only became thinner, but also began to become more frequent, and it was also mixed with some oil.

The patient didn’t take it seriously, so he went to the drugstore to buy some medicine to help digestion, and the symptoms were relieved. Three months later, this symptom reappeared, and no relief was found in any medication, so I went to the hospital and explained the situation to the doctor.

At that time, the doctor advised him to improve the abdominal examination to see if there was anything wrong with the organs. The patient thought that the stool problem must depend on the intestines, and there is no need to do other tests, so it will be delayed for several months.

After several months, the patient couldn’t bear it anymore, and decided to improve the abdominal CT. As a result, he found that his pancreatic head occupied a space, which means that there was a nodular lesion of unknown nature in the pancreas. Finally, the patient was diagnosed with advanced pancreatic cancer.

This case not only tells us that we should seek medical treatment in time if we are unwell, but also explains why CT examination is becoming more and more common now.

Why do doctors always recommend CT examination when they go to the hospital?

This is really not the fault of doctors or hospitals, but is determined by many factors.

First of all, although there is still an examination method of "seeing, hearing and asking", this simple inquiry has a great risk of misdiagnosis, which is unbearable for both patients and doctors.

CT examination is different, not only the examination time is short, but also the accuracy is high, which is very suitable for screening patients or emergency examination. For example, if a patient has a headache, doctors can only infer the cause through experience, but in fact, there are many diseases that can lead to headaches, such as common colds and fever, headaches without good rest, headaches due to food poisoning, and headaches due to cerebral hemorrhage and brain tumors.

At this time, if you do a head CT scan, you can find out what the problem is in a short time, which not only speeds up the diagnosis, reduces the possibility of misdiagnosis, but also does not delay the illness. If in doubt, you can have another magnetic resonance examination.

Secondly, it is for accuracy. In the actual process of consultation, some patients may not tell the truth to the doctor out of some concerns. The doctor can only get a preliminary diagnosis based on the patient’s own medical history, symptoms and signs.

But even if there is only 1% doubt, patients need to be arranged for perfect examination, because only by getting scientific and authoritative reports can we judge accurately and objectively.

Finally, there is the issue of the scope of application. In fact, the scope of application of CT is very wide. It can be said that it can be examined from head to toe, except for special organs such as the gastrointestinal tract, which is almost "no dead angle". In contrast, other examinations do not have this advantage, such as magnetic resonance imaging, which is not suitable for the lungs, and the examination time is long, and some patients cannot cooperate to complete the examination; Another example is B-ultrasound, which has weak penetration and is not ideal for head and bones.

How much harm does a CT do to the body? Will it cause cancer?

Many people are worried about this problem. Some scholars have done special research, comparing 680,000 children who have received CT examination with 10 million children of the same age who have not received CT examination. The results show that the radiation dose per 1mSv can lead to an increase in cancer risk of 0.0017-0.002%.

According to this standard, a single dose of 50mSv or a lifetime dose of 100mSv will not cause health risks. Let’s take lung CT as an example. The dose at a time is about 8mSv, so it is in a safe range. Generally speaking, it is recommended that ordinary people do CT no more than 4-6 times a year.

Therefore, we need to be rational about whether CT causes cancer. Radiation does harm to human body objectively, but with the improvement of medical conditions and the progress of medical equipment, CT is also developing constantly. Now many hospitals have 128 rows, and even some hospitals need Shuang Yuan CT, so the radiation will only be greatly reduced, not increased.

Finally, I hope everyone can understand more. No matter which industry there are people who have no morality and bottom line, but they can’t generalize. Most doctors still stick to medical ethics. And what we need to do is to cooperate and trust.

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Original title: "How rampant is CT examination? The doctor finally told the truth.

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　　On September 26th, Luoyang City, Henan Province, the 8th large and medium-sized cities jointly recruited college graduates (autumn). The Luoyang special session of Henan Station roving job fair was held in Henan University of Science and Technology, and job seekers were looking for jobs on the spot. It is reported that this is the largest on-site job fair held in Luoyang this year. Photo courtesy of vision china

　　Employment and epidemic situation make our social pressure intertwined, and all walks of life pay unprecedented attention to the employment of college graduates under the impact of epidemic situation. Before and after the epidemic, did the college graduates’ employment expectation place, employment expectation salary, employment expectation unit nature, employment expectation industry and employment expectation occupation category change?

　　The research group of "Comprehensive Investigation on the Employment Situation of College Graduates in China during the Epidemic Period" led by the author, the key research base of humanities and social sciences of the Ministry of Education, tried to answer the above questions.

　　The research group cooperated with Changsha Yunyan Technology Co., Ltd. and Beijing Xinjincheng Data Technology Co., Ltd. in the important graduation season of college graduates — — From April to June, 2020, a random sampling survey was conducted among college graduates from 34 provincial administrative regions in China. A total of 13,767 students were collected and 13,738 were valid. This survey includes the age group of 18 to 50 years old, and 87% of the sample size is concentrated in the age group of 21-24 years old. There are 1660 college graduates, 11395 undergraduate graduates, and 683 graduate students with master’s degree or above respectively. The universities where the sample data of fresh graduates are located include first-class universities (2.10%), first-class universities with various disciplines (2.30%), national key universities (2.50%), provincial key universities (19.00%), ordinary undergraduate universities (68.90%) and higher vocational colleges (5.10%).

　　The focus of employment has generally shifted to second-tier cities as the most potential winners.

　　Generally speaking, there is little difference in the ideal employment expectation of college graduates in China before and after the COVID-19 epidemic, but the internal structure fluctuates greatly, and the focus of employment expectation moves down slightly. Before the epidemic, the proportion of employment expectations was second-tier cities (31.42%), new first-tier cities (29.15%), prefecture-level cities (18.07%), first-tier cities (14.11%), county towns (5.67%), towns (1.09%) and villages (0.20%). After the epidemic, the selection proportion of employment expectation is second-tier cities (32.13%), new first-tier cities (28.39%), prefecture-level cities (19.66%), first-tier cities (11.56%), county towns (6.50%), towns (1.09%) and villages (0.17%).

　　Before and after the epidemic, the proportion of choosing second-tier cities, prefecture-level cities and county towns as ideal employment expectation places increased slightly, and the rising proportion was prefecture-level cities, county towns and second-tier cities from high to low. The proportion of first-tier cities, new first-tier cities and villages declined slightly, while the proportion of villages and towns was flat. It can be seen that before and after the epidemic, the focus of employment expectation of college graduates in China shifted slightly, and the ratio of outflow and inflow of employment expectation was relatively highest in first-tier cities and prefecture-level cities.

　　The research group further studied the internal changes of employment expectation choices of college graduates, and found that the consistent choices of employment expectation before and after the epidemic were: second-tier cities, prefecture-level cities, new first-tier cities, county towns, first-tier cities, towns and villages. Among them, the relatively highest change rate is the fresh graduates who chose villages before the epidemic, and 65.22% of them changed after the epidemic. Among those who changed, 46.67% chose second-tier cities and 20.00% chose county towns. Secondly, fresh graduates from Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan were selected before the epidemic, and 37.50% of them chose new first-tier cities after the epidemic.

　　Among the cities with employment expectation above prefecture level, the change rate from high to low is first-tier cities, new first-tier cities, prefecture-level cities and second-tier cities, among which the first-tier cities have the highest flow, the new first-tier cities have the highest flow, the second-tier cities have the highest flow, the second-tier cities have the highest flow, and the prefecture-level cities have the highest flow, and the second-tier cities and counties have the highest flow.

　　Generally speaking, second-tier cities are the employment expectation places with the smallest fluctuation, the strongest stability, the least outflow and the relatively high inflow willingness among the employment expectation choices of college graduates before and after the epidemic. It can be seen that the epidemic has shifted the overall employment focus of college graduates, and at the same time, second-tier cities have become the most potential winners in the fluctuation of college graduates’ desire to choose employment places.

　　The expected salary of employment has not changed much, and more than 80% is concentrated in 3001-8000 yuan.

　　Before the epidemic, the expected salary of college graduates in China was 1,000-3,000 yuan, 3,001-5,000 yuan, 5,001-8,000 yuan, 8,001-10,000 yuan, 10,001-15,000 yuan and 15,000 yuan, and the proportions were 4.48%, 40.11% and 41.77% respectively. It can be seen that there is little difference in the overall change of expected salary, and more than 80% of fresh graduates expect salary between 3001-8000 yuan.

　　The research group conducted a study on the internal structural changes in the choice of employment expectation salary for college graduates, and found that the stability of employment expectation salary for graduates before and after the epidemic was more than 15,000 yuan (90.37%), 3,001-5,000 yuan (82.05%), 5,001-8,000 yuan (75.76%) and 8,001-10,000 yuan (61. The proportion of graduates who expected to earn more than 15,000 yuan before the epidemic was the most stable, and the consistency reached more than 90%. Nearly 40% of the graduates whose expected salary before the epidemic was 8,001-15,000 yuan and 1,000-3,000 yuan changed after the epidemic, with the highest change ratio and the worst stability. Among them, the most concentrated fluctuation range is the graduates whose expected salary is 1,000-3,000 yuan. Although 38.79% of the graduates in this group chose another salary after the epidemic, as high as 83.42% of the other candidates chose 3,001-5,000 yuan, with the highest degree of concentration.

　　More than 80% of the fresh graduates’ expected salary is 3,001-8,000 yuan, so it is necessary to focus on the fluctuation of expected salary before and after the epidemic in this range. The research of the research group found that, except the graduates whose expected salary before the epidemic was 3,001-5,000 yuan, the expected salary after the epidemic was 3,001-5,000 yuan, and the expected salary before the epidemic was 1,000-3,000 yuan (32.36%), 5,001-8,000 yuan (17.45%) and 10,000 yuan in descending order. Graduates from other groups with expected employment salary of 5,001-8,000 yuan are selected, and the expected employment salary before the epidemic is 8,001-10,000 yuan (28.18%), 3,001-5,000 yuan (13.23%), 1,000-3,000 yuan (3.31%) and 10,001-10 in descending order.

　　Similarly, graduates from other groups with expected employment salary of 1,000-3,000 yuan after the epidemic were selected, and the expected employment salary before the epidemic was 3,001-5,000 yuan (3.72%), more than 15,000 yuan (1.38%), 5,001-8,000 yuan (0.23%) and 8,001-10,000 yuan in descending order. After the epidemic, the expected salary of other groups of graduates is 8,001-10,000 yuan. From high to low, the expected salary before the epidemic is 10,001-15,000 yuan (24.21%), 5,001-8,000 yuan (5.81%), 15,000 yuan (2.29%) and 1,000-3,000 yuan. After the epidemic, the expected salary for employment was selected as 10,001-15,000 yuan for other graduates. From high to low, the expected salary for employment before the epidemic was 8,001-10,000 yuan (7.23%), more than 15,000 yuan (3.67%), 1,000-3,000 yuan (0.78%) and 5,001-8,000 yuan. After the epidemic, graduates from other groups with expected salary of more than 15,000 were selected. From high to low, the expected salary before the epidemic was 10,001-15,000 yuan (10.32%) and 8,001-10,000 yuan.(1.65%), 1,000-3,000 yuan (1.36%), 5,001-8,000 yuan (0.29%) and 3,001-5,000 yuan (0.15%).

　　The expected salary of college graduates before and after the epidemic remained relatively stable, but it still showed obvious intermediate agglomeration effect of expected salary after the epidemic. Among the graduates with expected salary changes before and after the epidemic, with 5,000 yuan as the boundary, graduates with employment expectation salary below 5,000 yuan before the epidemic mainly increased to 5,000 yuan after the epidemic, while graduates with employment expectation salary above 5,000 yuan before the epidemic mainly decreased to 5,000 yuan after the epidemic.

　　The change of unit is "rational", and the change of "kinship" is the main one.

　　Before the epidemic, the proportion of the nature selection of the employment expectation units of college graduates in China was from high to low: state-owned enterprises (22.24%), junior high school education units (18.44%), medical and health units (13.17%), party and government organs (9.35%), private enterprises (9.21%), other institutions (8.50%) and higher education units (8.50%). Wholly foreign-owned enterprises, 4.90%), scientific research and design units (4.18%), urban communities (0.72%), troops (0.59%) and rural villages (0.33%). After the epidemic, the selection ratio from high to low is state-owned enterprises (21.61%), junior high school education units (18.90%), medical and health units (13.21%), party and government organs (9.84%), private enterprises (9.34%), other institutions (8.92%) and higher education units (7.87%).

　　On the whole, before and after the epidemic, the expected employment units of college graduates were stable and consistent. The proportion of graduates who expected employment units were state-owned enterprises, higher education units, foreign-funded enterprises and scientific research and design units decreased slightly, while the proportion of graduates who expected employment units were junior education units, medical and health units, party and government organs, private enterprises, other institutions, urban communities, troops and rural villages increased slightly, but the change was not significant.

　　Looking through the internal structure of the nature selection of employment expectation units for fresh graduates before and after the epidemic, the research group found that the stability of the nature of employment expectation units is medical and health units, middle and early education units, party and government organs, state-owned enterprises, higher education units, other institutions, private enterprises, scientific research and design units, foreign-funded enterprises, urban communities, troops and rural villages in turn. Among them, before and after the epidemic, the stability of the employment expectation unit of fresh graduates was the worst in rural villages. After the epidemic, 65.79% of the graduates chose another employment expectation unit, and the main flows were urban communities, state-owned enterprises, party and government organs, and junior high school education units. 42.65% of the graduates who expected to choose the army before the epidemic mainly flowed to the party and government organs, middle and early education units, state-owned enterprises and higher education units from high to low after the epidemic.

　　Generally speaking, the changes in the nature of employment expectation units of college graduates before and after the epidemic show the characteristics of "rationalization", and the changes are mainly based on the changes in the nature of "kinship". For example, 25.63% graduates chose state-owned enterprises as the expected employment units before the epidemic, and the changes in the nature of expected units mainly flowed to private enterprises; Before the epidemic, 33.27% chose private enterprises as graduates of expected employment units, and the nature of the expected units changed mainly to state-owned enterprises; Before the epidemic, 12.40% of the graduates were selected from junior high school education units as expected employment units, and the nature of the expected units changed mainly to other institutions and higher education units; Before the epidemic, 28.75% of the graduates chose higher education units as expected employment units, and the nature of the expected units changed mainly to middle and junior education units.

　　Education, health and social work have the smallest fluctuations, and the stability of real estate, accommodation and catering industry is at the bottom.

　　Before the epidemic, the proportion of employment expectations of college graduates in China was education (32.48%). Health and social work (13.14%); Financial industry (8.88%), information transmission, software and information technology services (8.15%); Culture, sports and entertainment (7.04%); Manufacturing (5.67%); Public management, social security and social organizations (4.87%); Scientific research and technical services (2.97%); Electricity, heat, gas and water production and supply industries (2.84%); Agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry and fishery (2.39%); Construction industry (2.17%); Wholesale and retail (1.90%); Transportation, warehousing and postal services (1.61%); Accommodation and catering industry (1.47%); Water conservancy, environment and public facilities management (1.13%); Real estate (0.79%); Leasing and business services (0.71%); Army (0.69%); Residential services, construction and other services (0.48%); Mining industry (0.35%); International organizations (0.27%).

　　Education (33.23%) ranked from high to low after the epidemic. Health and social work (13.42%); Information transmission, software and information technology services (8.11%); Financial industry (7.85%); Culture, sports and entertainment (6.36%); Public management, social security and social organizations (5.72%); Manufacturing (5.59%); Electricity, heat, gas and water production and supply industries (3.02%); Scientific research and technical services (2.81%); Agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry and fishery (2.37%); Construction industry (2.02%); Wholesale and retail (1.87%); Transportation, warehousing and postal services (1.56%); Accommodation and catering industry (1.23%); Water conservancy, environment and public facilities management (1.13%); Army (0.91%); Real estate (0.74%); Leasing and business services (0.67%); Mining industry (0.55%); Residential services, construction and other services (0.54%); International organizations (0.31%).

　　Generally speaking, there is little change before and after the epidemic. Education, health and social work, information transmission, software and information technology services, financial industry, culture, sports and entertainment are the top five most popular employment expectations for college graduates. Leasing and business services, mining, residents’ services, construction and other services, and international organizations are the last four career choices for college graduates.

　　The research group analyzed the internal structure of the choice of employment expectation industries for college graduates in China before and after the epidemic, and found that the stability of employment expectation industries from high to low is: health and social work, education, information transmission, software and information technology services, manufacturing, finance, electricity, heat, gas and water production and supply, public management, social security and social organizations, water conservancy, environment and public facilities management, culture, sports and entertainment, and construction. Scientific research and technical services, transportation, warehousing and postal services, agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry, fishery, military, international organizations, residential services, repairs and other services, wholesale and retail, mining, leasing and business services, accommodation and catering, real estate.

　　Before and after the epidemic, employment expectations were relatively poor in real estate, accommodation and catering, and leasing and business services. After the epidemic, graduates chose education, finance, information transmission, software and information technology services, and the proportion was relatively higher. The education, health and social work industries have become the industries with the least fluctuation, the strongest stability and the least outflow before and after the epidemic, but with the highest inflow willingness.

　　Marketing type jobs have the worst stability, and functional type jobs are the most popular.

　　Before the epidemic, the proportion of career categories that fresh graduates expected from high to low was functional positions (such as administration, personnel and finance, 37.53%), other positions (17.56%), technical research and development positions (such as R&D engineers and testing, 15.32%), management positions (9.95%) and operation planning positions (such as operations, products and operations) The post-epidemic situation is completely consistent with that before the epidemic situation, and the selection ratio from high to low is functional posts (37.65%), other posts (18.08%), technology research and development posts (14.67%), management posts (9.79%), operation planning posts (8.40%), service posts (3.53%) and production operation posts.

　　Among the job categories expected by graduates after the epidemic, the selection proportion of functional posts, other types of posts, marketing posts, service posts and production operation posts increased slightly, while the selection proportion of technology research and development posts, management posts and operation planning posts decreased slightly, but the change was still not significant.

　　Before and after the epidemic, the stability of employment expectations of college graduates from high to low is: other types of jobs, functional types of jobs, technology research and development jobs, operation planning jobs, management types of jobs, service types of jobs, production operation jobs, marketing types of jobs. Among them, the stability of marketing jobs is the worst, with 42.96% of graduates who chose this job before the epidemic, and the expected jobs selected after the epidemic are mainly functional jobs, technology research and development jobs, operation planning jobs and management jobs from high to low. Functional jobs are the most popular occupational category for fresh graduates before and after the epidemic, and the absolute number of job category choices, stability and inflow attraction rate for graduates after the epidemic are the highest.

　　(The author is a professor at Northeast Normal University and a top-notch young talent in the National Ten Thousand Talents Program.)

Xinhua News Agency, Beijing, May 17th Title: March forward rain or shine —— On the occasion of great strategic achievements in the national epidemic prevention and control war.

Xinhua news agency reporter

As mankind enters the year 2020, history has written another thrilling chapter.

China is making every effort to win a well-off society in an all-round way and fight against poverty; The world, which has not changed in a hundred years, has accelerated its evolution. At this time, a sudden novel coronavirus epidemic swept the world.

What does China do? What about the world?

The CPC Central Committee with the Supreme Leader as the core led the 1.4 billion people in China to make a historic choice: unite as one with "life first", confront major epidemics with the strength of the whole country, and overcome the difficulties with "the community of human destiny".

After tenacious struggle and great sacrifice, China has effectively curbed the spread of the virus and made important contributions to the global war "epidemic".

This is the toll station of Wuhan West Expressway (photo taken on January 23, photo of drone). Xinhua News Agency reporter Xiong Qishe

Great plague raid, bold hand, turn the tide in the fall.

"We should put the people’s life safety and physical health first, formulate careful plans, organize all forces to carry out prevention and control, and take practical and effective measures to resolutely curb the spread of the epidemic." -supreme leader

In 2020, I was in Gengzi.

"Seal the city!"

At 10 am on January 23rd, 2020, the last working day before Lunar New Year’s Eve, Wuhan became the center of a battle.

Controlling the flow of people in a city with a population of 10 million is unprecedented in the world. It is also a traditional festival of family reunion, which is even more unusual.

Zhang Jixian, director of the Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Hubei Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine (photo taken on March 2). Xinhua News Agency reporter Shen Bohan photo

General Secretary of the Supreme Leader personally made this strategic decision on January 22, and he stressed: "It takes great political courage to make this decision, but when it is time to make a move, it must be made, otherwise it will be interrupted and chaotic."

On January 20th, General Secretary of the Supreme Leader, who was in Yunnan for investigation and research, made important instructions on the epidemic situation in COVID-19, saying, "We should put people’s life safety and physical health first, make careful plans, organize all forces to carry out prevention and control, take practical and effective measures, and resolutely curb the spread of the epidemic."

People first! This is the Communist Party of China (CPC)’s mission, the ruling creed of Supreme Leader General Secretary Nizi here, and the source of power for the whole country to compete with the epidemic.

"People’s lives are more important than Mount Tai! As long as it is responsible for people’s lives, then what costs and consequences must be borne. " Words from the Supreme Leader General Secretary hit the floor.

Deep winter is the season when the virus is easy to spread. The Spring Festival is the time when Spring Festival travel rush is at full throttle. At this time, an unexpected epidemic raided Wuhan, the thoroughfare of nine provinces.

Time, back to New Year’s Eve.

In Wuhan, Hubei Province, in order to ensure that patients have sufficient oxygen supply, Hubei aid doctor Hu Shijie (first from right) pushes an oxygen bottle and escorts an 81-year-old critically ill patient from COVID-19 for CT examination (photo taken on March 20). Xinhua News Agency reporter Wang Yuguo photo

This Spring Festival comes early. On the bank of East Lake in Wuhan, 10,000 lanterns are full of brilliance; In the downtown area, the simmering soup contest is full of fireworks.

However, in this joy and peace, an invisible and intangible "devil" came quietly.

At the end of December 2019, Hubei Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine.

"There is a family of three with the same symptoms. Generally, three people will not get the same disease at the same time, unless it is an infectious disease. " Zhang Jixian, director of the Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine who has experienced SARS treatment, is in a tight heart.

A stream, B stream, syncytial virus, adenovirus, rhinovirus, chlamydia, mycoplasma … A series of tests were done, and the results made her more alert.

Not the flu!

Subsequently, four more patients came, with the same fever and cough and the same lung manifestations.

"This is a disease we have never seen before." An alert thought came out and Zhang Jixian quickly reported to the hospital.

On December 30th, Wuhan Municipal Health and Wellness Commission issued the Emergency Notice on Doing a Good Job in the Treatment of Unknown Pneumonia to the medical institutions under its jurisdiction. The next day, the Wuhan Municipal Health and Wellness Commission released the Bulletin on the Current Pneumonia Epidemic Situation in Our City on the official website, and began to release epidemic information according to law.

This is the Fangcang Hospital of Wuhan Sports Center (photo taken on February 17th). Xinhua News Agency reporter Xiao Yijiu photo

"Patients with unexplained pneumonia in Wu Hanyou …"

In the early morning of December 31, the National Health and Wellness Committee made arrangements and sent working groups and expert groups to Wuhan to guide the handling of the epidemic and conduct on-site investigations.

On January 2, 2020, China CDC and others received the first batch of 4 case specimens from Hubei Province. Since the 3rd, China has regularly informed WHO, relevant countries and regional organizations and Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan regions of the epidemic situation in a timely and proactive manner.

On January 7th, when General Secretary of the Supreme Leader presided over the The Politburo Standing Committee (PSC) meeting, he put forward clear requirements for the prevention and control of epidemic situation.

With the spread of the epidemic, fever clinics began to get crowded. The CT machine is overloaded, and the diagnosis result given by the doctor is almost the same-the glass-like shadow of the lung.

From early morning till late at night, the medical team lined up in the street.

A domestic Yun -20 large transport plane landed at Wuhan Tianhe Airport (photo taken on February 17). Xinhua News Agency reporter Li Heshe

Soon, the wards are overcrowded, new wards are constantly being opened up, and the protective materials for medical staff are running out. "Requesting support for protective clothing", "Medical masks are in emergency" and "Where are goggles" …

By 24: 00 on January 24, 30 provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities across the country had reported confirmed cases, and the number of confirmed cases exceeded 1,000.

Wuhan is in a hurry! Hubei is in a hurry! China is in a hurry!

The COVID-19 epidemic is a major public health emergency with the fastest spread, the widest infection range and the most difficult prevention and control since the founding of New China.

At this time, China, a large developing country with a population of 1.4 billion, is entering the final year of decisive battle to build a well-off society in an all-round way and fight poverty. To prevent and control the epidemic situation, we should not only control many aspects of the actual national conditions, but also prevent hard-won construction achievements from being wasted, and also prevent unpredictable risks such as economic shutdown and social disorder.

"This is a crisis and a big test."

On January 25th, the first day of New Year’s Day, Huairentang, Zhongnanhai. General Secretary of the Supreme Leader sat with six other CPC members, The Politburo Standing Committee (PSC).

"I wanted to let everyone have a good year. Now that the epidemic situation is urgent, we have to convene everyone to study and deploy this issue together. " The General Secretary of the Supreme Leader said with a dignified expression, "I can’t sleep at night on New Year’s Eve."

Without fear or hesitation, the CPC Central Committee with the Supreme Leader as the core has shouldered the extremely arduous task of fighting the epidemic.

"Life is more important than Mount Tai. The epidemic is an order, and prevention and control is a responsibility. "

"Put people’s life safety and physical health first, and take epidemic prevention and control as the most important task at present."

"As long as we have firm confidence, help each other in the same boat, scientific prevention and control, and precise policy, we will certainly win the epidemic prevention and control war."

It was at this meeting that the CPC Central Committee made a series of major decisions:

Set up a central leading group to deal with the epidemic situation and work under the leadership of The Politburo Standing Committee (PSC);

Send a steering group to Hubei and other areas with serious epidemics to promote the relevant localities to comprehensively strengthen the front-line work of prevention and control;

Hubei Province carries out centralized isolation treatment for all patients, adopts home medical management for all close contacts, and strictly controls the personnel entering and leaving Wuhan;

Go all out to treat infected patients, concentrate patients, experts, resources and treatment …

The epidemic is like fire, and the military orders are like mountains.

Fujian Province supported the members of Hubei Yichang Medical Team to carry out medical treatment in Yichang Third Hospital (photo taken on February 16). Xinhua News Agency (photo by Zheng Yuliu)

The joint prevention and control mechanism in the State Council has been put into operation, and all localities have launched the first-level response to major public health emergencies, and all party, government, military and group organs, enterprises and institutions have taken urgent action …

Just after the dinner was served, Wang Wei, deputy director of the Department of Critical Care Medicine of Shanghai Sixth People’s Hospital, received a phone call: "Meet at the hospital at 8: 30 tonight and leave for Wuhan."

Almost at the same time—

In Xi ‘an, Hu Shijie, deputy director of neurosurgery at Xijing Hospital of Air Force Military Medical University, sent a message to his father: "Dad, I was transferred to Wuhan to fight virus."

In Guangzhou, Peng Hong, head nurse of the emergency department of the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, who participated in the fight against SARS 17 years ago, rushed to the airport.

In Chongqing, Song Caiping, the backbone of nursing in the Second Affiliated Hospital of Army Military Medical University, embraced her 16-year-old son and left him …

When the country is in danger, the mission is the horn.

At a critical juncture, the initial heart is the direction.

Fight! Fight!

Destination: Wuhan!

Under the strong leadership of the CPC Central Committee with the Supreme Leader as the core, a vigorous people’s war, a general war and a blocking war quickly started!

The medical team of the Army Military Medical University began to station in Jinyintan Hospital of Wuhan (photo taken on January 26th). Xinhua News Agency reporter Cheng Minshe

Construction of large machinery at the construction site of Wuhan Huoshenshan Hospital (photo taken on January 24, photo of drone). Xinhua News Agency reporter Xiao Yijiu photo

Strategize, decisive battle, and lay out the "three major battles"

"With confidence, we will fight this war of resistance and total war and this people’s war. We must build up confidence! It will definitely win! " -supreme leader

"If we come later, they may really be unable to hold on." When they arrived at Hankou Hospital, the members of Southern Hospital of Southern Medical University were stunned.

The ever-increasing number of newly confirmed cases has paralyzed Wuhan’s once proud medical system.

The situation is urgent.

The medical staff went to the ward of Wuhan Huoshenshan Hospital (photo taken on February 4). Xinhua News Agency reporter Xiao Yijiu photo

In Jinjiang, Fujian, workers are producing protective clothing (photo taken on February 4). Xinhua News Agency reporter Jiang Kehong photo

Always pay attention to the front-line wars, and the General Secretary of the Supreme Leader gives clear instructions again and again-

"Early detection, early reporting, early isolation and early treatment";

"Take improving the admission rate and cure rate, reducing the infection rate and death rate as outstanding tasks";

"We should take more effective measures to increase the number of beds in medical institutions as soon as possible, make good use of shelter hospitals, increase isolated beds by requisitioning hotels and training centers, and do our best to treat patients";

……

On the third day of New Year’s Eve, entrusted by the General Secretary of the Supreme Leader, Li Keqiang, Premier of the CPC The Politburo Standing Committee (PSC) and the State Council and leader of the Central Leading Group for novel coronavirus’s response to pneumonia, rushed to Wuhan for investigation.

On the same day, the Central Steering Group, led by Committee member the Political Bureau of the Communist Party of China (CPC) Central Committee and Sun Chunlan, Vice Premier of the People’s Republic of China, and composed of responsible comrades of several relevant ministries and commissions, arrived in Wuhan to supervise and supervise the war on the spot.

"If the steering group has any situation or needs, you can call me directly." General Secretary of the Supreme Leader cares about the epidemic situation in Hubei and Wuhan day and night, and has given hundreds of important instructions to the Central Steering Group, which provides a fundamental basis for effectively guiding the prevention and control of the epidemic situation.

14 meetings in The Politburo Standing Committee (PSC), 4 meetings in Politburo meeting of the Chinese Communist Party, 1 meeting of the Central Committee for Comprehensively Administering the Country according to Law, 1 meeting of the Central Cyber Security and Informatization Committee, 2 meetings of the Central Committee for Comprehensively Deepening Reform, 1 meeting of the Central Foreign Affairs Working Committee, 1 symposium for non-party people, 6 visits to local places for investigation and investigation, and 51 calls with foreign leaders and heads of international organizations …

General Secretary of the Supreme Leader personally commanded and deployed. The general mobilization of the party, government, army and people, and the mobilization of the East, West, North and South.

A batch of live fish shipped to the community of Huasheng Hankou City Square in Qiaokou District, Wuhan is unloading (photo taken on March 13). Xinhua News Agency reporter Cheng Minshe

Shenyang community cadre (second from the right) in Yongqing street, Wuhan city assigns work tasks to colleagues in the community office (photo taken on February 12). Xinhua News Agency reporter Li Heshe

-General Secretary of the Supreme Leader issued an order to Party organizations at all levels and cadres in party member: "Do not forget your initiative mind, remember the mission" and "Let party flag fly high in the front line of the epidemic prevention and control struggle".

-the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China issued the Notice on Strengthening the Party’s Leadership and Providing Strong Political Guarantee for Winning the Prevention and Control of Epidemic Situation.

-The Chairman of the Supreme Leader issued an order to the whole army: "Follow orders, bravely shoulder heavy burdens, dare to fight hard and actively support local epidemic prevention and control."

Over 9.6 million square kilometers of land, more than 4.6 million grass-roots party organizations have built solid fortresses. Red party flag, green military uniform and white shirt convey the hope of victory.

There are more than 240 party member in Wuhan Jinyintan Hospital. None of them hesitates or flinches, and all of them stick to their urgent and dangerous posts.

Volunteers in Huajin Community, Wuchang District, Wuhan, distributed love vegetables for community residents (photo taken on February 23). Xinhua News Agency reporter Cheng Minshe

"In order to win the battle against viruses, contribute your own strength, no regrets!" 3306 people from Peking Union Medical College Hospital please fight.

"The most difficult job, the hardest job, party member must go first, no discussion!" A big party with more than 90 million party member members is unswerving and a mainstay.

Under the leadership of the Supreme Leader General Secretary, the Communist Party of party member enthusiastically donated money to express its support for the prevention and control of the epidemic situation in COVID-19. A total of 79.559 million party member volunteers donated 8.36 billion yuan.

Unified leadership and unified command, the Communist Party of China (CPC)’s great energy and power are fully demonstrated; All-round deployment and mobilization, and the institutional advantages of socialism to concentrate on doing great things, difficult things and urgent things are fully released.

"Wuhan wins in Hubei, and Hubei wins in the whole country." The General Secretary of the Supreme Leader scientifically laid out the blocking war and concentrated his firepower on "fighting the defending war in Wuhan and Hubei".

The most elite forces rushed to the eye of the storm, and the best resources gathered in the decisive battle place.

At the entrance of Yanjing Hangcheng Community in sanhe city, Hebei Province, residents are taking temperature tests (photo taken on February 23). Xinhua news agency

Wuhan Tianhe Airport stays around the clock to welcome retrograde personnel and materials.

Less than 8 hours after the "city closure", 4041 epidemic prevention key materials such as epidemic prevention drugs, medical devices, masks and gloves arrived on time in 87 batches.

In less than 24 hours, the medical expert group, the medical rescue team and the PLA officers and men were all ready to go.

Military aircraft, passenger planes, cargo planes … all kinds of aircraft make an emergency landing. At the busiest time, every three minutes, a domestic Yun -20 large transport plane roared.

If one side is in trouble, all sides will support it.

346 medical teams and 42,600 medical personnel from all over the country and the army went out in reverse.

Experts in respiratory and infectious diseases, including many academicians, and 10% of the country’s critically ill medical staff gathered in Wuhan.

19 provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities provide counterpart support to 16 cities and prefectures in Hubei except Wuhan.

This is the China advantage of "a national chess game" and the speed of China-

On the night of January 23rd, the designer of Xiaotangshan Hospital in Beijing who fought against SARS received a call for help from Wuhan Urban and Rural Construction Bureau. 1 hour later, the revised and perfect drawings will be delivered to Wuhan Urban and Rural Construction Bureau for standby; In less than 24 hours, the design institutes of the two places joined hands to form a complete drawing.

At the inspection point in fancheng district, Xiangyang City, Hubei Province, the staff collected a throat swab from a teacher (photo taken on April 18). Xinhua News Agency (photo by Xie Jianfei)

On New Year’s Eve, Vulcan Mountain Hospital broke ground. Three days later, the Thunder God Mountain hospital project was launched.

The two suburbs of the city are like day all night. More than 40,000 builders from all over the country live and eat on beaches and slopes. Hundreds of millions of netizens have become "cloud supervisors."

There is no buffer time, so we can only dig trenches and fight the sniper. Under normal circumstances, it takes at least several months to complete the two infectious disease hospitals, and it only took more than ten days to start the life ferry.

There must be a key move in the critical period!

The epidemic was deadlocked, the CPC Central Committee made a decisive decision, and Hubei and Wuhan changed their positions.

The base is unclear, and the spread can’t stop. The Central Steering Group deployed "all receivables".

Staff showed samples of inactivated novel coronavirus vaccine at China Bio-COVID-19 vaccine production base of Sinopharm Group (photo taken on April 10th). Xinhua News Agency reporter Zhang Yuwei photo

"A large-space, multi-bed’ shelter hospital’ must be activated." Wang Chen, an academician of China Academy of Engineering and an expert in respiratory and critical care medicine, was worried.

Sixteen gymnasiums, convention and exhibition centers and other emergency shelter hospitals were rebuilt, dozens of hospitals were quickly rebuilt, and more than 500 hotels and schools were urgently requisitioned as isolation points … Wuhan gradually realized "waiting for beds" at the rate of adding 3,000 beds every day!

In late January, the analysis and evaluation of critically ill cases found that ECMO (artificial membrane Lung) can win valuable time for the rescue of critically ill patients.

"At all costs, let patients use the best equipment." The request of the Supreme Leader General Secretary turned into an action that stayed up all night.

On the one hand, urgently issue procurement plans to global manufacturers; On the one hand, from the existing 400 machines in hospitals all over the country.

In less than a month, there were more than 100 centralized machines in Hubei Province, of which about 80 were in Wuhan.

This is a total war. The General Secretary of the Supreme Leader clearly emphasized: "Fighting the epidemic prevention and control war is actually a logistics support war."

As of April 19, financial departments at all levels have arranged a total of 145.2 billion yuan for epidemic prevention and control, and the funds for epidemic prevention and control in various places have been effectively guaranteed.

"I have meltblown cloth, who has a mask machine?" "We will build what Hubei needs." During the Spring Festival, more than 3,000 enterprises resumed production and cross-border production.

Once the engine of the "World Factory" was started, the output of masks quickly increased from 8 million to over 100 million per day.

Front-line soldiers should ensure safety, and people in epidemic areas should protect people’s livelihood.

On March 19th, migrant worker Chen Anxin (front) was ready to get on the bus. On the same day, 551 migrant workers from Jingzhou, Hubei Province arrived in Guangzhou on the G4368 special train and returned to work. Xinhua News Agency reporter Cheng Minshe

Under the care of the Supreme Leader General Secretary, vegetables from Shandong, rice from Northeast China and fruits from Hainan are continuously transported to Wuhan. "Wuhan people like to eat live fish, and they should organize more supply if conditions permit." General Secretary of the Supreme Leader made a special exhortation during his inspection tour in Wuhan, and put care for the people into practice.

This is a Chinese power that is United from top to bottom-

At 2: 45 pm on February 10th, General Secretary of the Supreme Leader came to Anhuali Community in Chaoyang District, Beijing. Wearing a mask, rolling up his sleeves and taking his temperature, in the community neighborhood Committee, he personally called on the whole people to fight the "epidemic."

"The epidemic prevention and control work in COVID-19 is a people’s war. We must trust the masses, mobilize the masses, and give full play to the’ blocking role’ of the community in the epidemic prevention and control work." General Secretary of the Supreme Leader said.

In Wuhan, more than 3,300 communities and villages are under closed management, and 12,000 grid workers are responsible for epidemic statistics, purchasing and handling.

In Hubei, the province has conducted a total of more than 13.15 million investigations and verifications, tracked more than 274,000 close contacts, and transferred more than 82,000 "four types of people" such as confirmed patients, suspected patients, fever patients and close contacts.

Throughout the country, more than 4 million urban and rural community workers have been guarding against death, constantly weaving 650,000 urban and rural community prevention and control networks, and hundreds of millions of people have actively cooperated to connect the indestructible Great Wall of war and epidemic.

On March 16th, senior three students of Guiyang No.6 Middle School were in the class after the resumption of classes. Xinhua News Agency reporter Ou Dongyu photo

The greatest strength is concerted efforts, and the strongest defense line is the "people’s war."

From the banks of the Yangtze River to Baishan Blackwater, from the Central Plains to the coast of the East China Sea, under the leadership of the CPC Central Committee, mass prevention and mass control have created unity.

"China’s mobilization is unprecedented in the history of global public health." Robert kuhn, an American expert on China, said. WHO Director-General Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus lamented: "I have never seen such mobilization in my life."

On April 26th, COVID-19’s hospitalized patients were cleared. From 0: 00 on April 30, the emergency response to public health emergencies in Beijing was adjusted from level 1 to level 2; From 0: 00 on May 2, Hubei Province adjusted the first-level response to public health emergencies to the second level.

Decisive results have been achieved in the defense wars in Wuhan and Hubei, and major strategic achievements have been made in the prevention and control of epidemic situation throughout the country.

In the workshop of Guangzhou Skyworth Flat Display Technology Co., Ltd. located in Guangzhou Development Zone, workers are working on the assembly line (photo taken on February 10). Xinhua News Agency reporter Deng Hua photo

According to the time and the situation, we will make precise policies and make overall plans to promote epidemic prevention and control and economic and social development.

"After the COVID-19 epidemic, how to integrate forces and fight the epidemic in a short period of time is a great challenge; After the epidemic situation slows down, how to coordinate the prevention and control of the epidemic and resume work is also a great challenge. " -supreme leader

"China has taken effective measures to avoid the infection of hundreds of thousands of people."

On the evening of February 24th, after a 9-day visit to China, Bruce Aylward, the foreign leader of the China-WHO joint expert inspection team in COVID-19 and senior adviser to the Director-General of WHO, commented on this.

Earlier in the day, the two sessions of the National People’s Congress scheduled for March 3 and March 5 were postponed. This rare move reflects the extraordinary challenges in an extraordinary period.

In Wuhan and Hubei, there are still nearly 10,000 critically ill patients. "Life first" is the solemn commitment of the party and the government, and it is also a great test of the rescue work.

In Mahui Village, Datong Town, Wu ‘an City, Hebei Province, farmers are busy driving agricultural machinery in the fields (photo taken on March 20, photo of drones). Xinhua News Agency reporter Wang Xiaoshe

"Intensive and critical cases should be treated with all efforts", "patients, especially families with loved ones, should be given priority care", and the entrustment of the Supreme Leader General Secretary, medical staff and community workers should never forget.

The case base is large, there is no specific medicine, and the condition changes rapidly … The Supreme Leader’s General Secretary regards the rescue work as the key to turn the war around, and has made many field visits, investigations and guidance.

The general secretary walked into beijing ditan hospital to learn about the hospitalization of COVID-19 infected people; Video connection to the critically ill patients admitted to the hospital in Wuhan, expressing condolences and requests to the medical staff; I made a special trip to Wuhan Huoshenshan Hospital to cheer for the patients and encourage the medical staff.

In the end, more "hard core" means are needed to overcome the disease.

At the beginning of the "epidemic" war, General Secretary of the Supreme Leader put forward requirements for "strengthening the combination of research and development of drugs and medical equipment with clinical treatment". In view of the situation that the epidemic situation is easy to be repeated and unpredictable, the general secretary further pointed out that it is necessary to promote the organic connection between vaccine research and development and industrialization chain, and make comprehensive preparations for possible normalization prevention and control work.

On April 8, the first departure flight of Wuhan Tianhe International Airport took off. From 0: 00 on April 8, Wuhan officially lifted the control measures for the passage from Han to Hubei and resumed external traffic in an orderly manner. Xinhua News Agency (photo by Shao Ziyang)

At the zhukovsky airport near Moscow, Russia, the staff loaded the medical aid materials provided by the Russian government on the transport plane (photo taken on February 8). Xinhua News Agency/Satellite Agency

Determine the pathogen within 8 days; The optimization of the detection kit was completed within 16 days, and the nucleic acid detection ability was improved from 300 to 20,000 per day; The national version of the diagnosis and treatment plan "iteration" seventh edition; Five kinds of Covid-19 vaccines were approved for clinical trials … The researchers set up special classes, and fought against the wall chart, racing against time and never sleeping.

From screening more than 10,000 kinds of drugs to determining an effective diagnosis and treatment plan, from summarizing the "three drugs and three parties" to adopting treatment methods such as convalescent plasma, the Party Central Committee pays attention to and supports every scientific research deployment; Every major breakthrough, the general secretary asked in detail.

General Secretary of the Supreme Leader made a special trip to the Military Medical Research Institute and Tsinghua University Medical College to inspect the scientific research work of prevention and control in COVID-19. He stressed: "At present, it still needs hard work to win the epidemic prevention and control people’s war, overall war and blocking war. The more we face this situation, the more we must insist on asking for answers and methods from science. "

On March 21st, in Belgrade, the capital of Serbia, Serbian President Vucic (left) greeted the members of China’s medical expert group to help Serbia fight the epidemic. A group of six medical experts from China arrived in Belgrade by special plane on the evening of 21st. Xinhua News Agency reporter Shi Zhongyu photo

Science is the fundamental solution to the "epidemic" in the national war; Overall planning is the winning way of crisis management.

When the mobile China presses the "pause button", a series of practical problems and potential influences come on:

In order to reduce the flow of people and stop the spread of the virus, it is a reasonable and necessary decision to extend the Spring Festival holiday. However, every day after the holiday, the national GDP will lose 150 billion yuan.

The longer the epidemic is stopped, the more difficult it is for the economy and society to restart and recover …

The epidemic should be controlled to death and the economy should be revitalized. At both ends of the scale, the weight is like a mountain.

On February 3, when the epidemic prevention and control was the most strenuous, the General Secretary of the Supreme Leader presided over the The Politburo Standing Committee (PSC) meeting, stressing: "Areas with particularly serious epidemic situations should concentrate on the epidemic prevention and control work, while other areas should do a good job in the prevention and control work, and make overall plans to do a good job in all aspects of reform, development and stability, especially the key tasks involved in building a well-off society in an all-round way and tackling poverty in a decisive battle."

In 2020, it is the final year of decisive battle to get rid of poverty. There is no way out to fulfill the promise of the party and the government to the people!

At the entry hall of Shenzhen Bay Port, customs staff checked the health declaration cards of inbound passengers (photo taken on April 3). Xinhua News Agency reporter Liang Xushe

On February 23rd, a special teleconference was held in the East Hall of the Great Hall of the People.

Facing the 170,000 cadres at or above the county level, the General Secretary of the Supreme Leader said frankly: "After the COVID-19 epidemic, it is a great challenge to integrate forces and fight against the epidemic in a short period of time; After the epidemic situation slows down, how to coordinate the prevention and control of the epidemic and resume work is also a great challenge. "

Epidemic prevention and control is related to life, and returning to work and production is related to livelihood.

On April 17th, in front of the Chinese Embassy in Vienna, Austria, China student Lu Hui showed the epidemic prevention items in the "health package" distributed by the embassy. Xinhua News Agency reporter Guo Chenshe

From the implementation of accurate resumption of work and production at different levels to the introduction of phased and targeted tax reduction and fee reduction policies, from ensuring that "employees can get back, raw materials can be supplied, and products can be exported" to ensuring that agricultural production does not miss the farming season, from keeping the "rice bag" and "vegetable basket" to unblocking the foreign trade industrial chain and supply chain … Many township cadres said that even doing a good job in this year’s spring ploughing production, the Supreme Leader General Secretary is concerned and has made important decisions.

The spring breeze is warm and the earth is green.

In the satellite remote sensing picture, China in spring is lighting up-

Pearl River Delta, Yangtze River Delta and Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei, which account for more than 40% of China’s total economic output, are three major urban agglomerations. Hundreds of thousands of shops resume business every day and thousands of manufacturing enterprises return to work under the lights of Canruo Xinghe.

In the satellite positioning and navigation system, China in spring is running-

From the coastal areas to the inland areas, the movement lines formed by the running tracks of freight vehicles are multiplying. One flow curve contains infinite vitality for people to move smoothly and goods to flow smoothly.

　This is Liu Zhiming, president of Wuchang Hospital in Wuhan (photo). Xinhua news agency

At 13: 24 on March 19, the G4368 train slowly left Jingzhou Station. A trip to the "train for spring" was full of caring feelings of "holding hands and pulling hands", and 40,000 Hubei migrant workers were arranged to return to work in Guangdong.

Employment has introduced "caring" clauses, approval has achieved "remote connection", more accurate and effective regulatory policies have given the market "reassurance", tax relief has injected "cardiotonic agent" into enterprises … Central departments have intensively introduced new measures, injecting more "warm colors" into China’s economy.

Resume classes in batches, customize the return train, unify the "health code" and travel with confidence, and make time-sharing appointments for recovery tourism … All parts of the country actively respond to new changes and let China society return to "normal state" as soon as possible.

Factory workshop, busy production; In the countryside and fields, spring ploughing is busy.

On March 3rd, the People’s Government of Guizhou Province announced that Zheng ‘an, a county with deep poverty, had taken off its hat. This marks Zunyi’s overall poverty alleviation, and 8.12 million people in the old areas bid farewell to the history of poverty.

Three days later, the largest poverty alleviation meeting since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China was held in the form of video conference. General Secretary of the Supreme Leader issued an order:

"Resolutely overcome the impact of the COVID-19 epidemic, resolutely win a comprehensive victory in the fight against poverty, and resolutely complete this great cause that is of great significance to the Chinese nation and mankind."

The spring rain in the south of the Yangtze River moistens things silently. In Ningbo, Zhejiang Province, the General Secretary of the Supreme Leader came to the front-line workers who resumed work and production, telling everyone to "ensure both production tasks and good health".

In the East Campus of Wuhan University People’s Hospital, Li Lanjuan (middle) took a group photo with the discharged patients (photo taken on March 16th). Xinhua News Agency reporter Cai Yang photo

Facing the expectation of the person in charge of small and medium-sized enterprises, General Secretary of the Supreme Leader said: "We have introduced a set of policy combination boxing, which will be adjusted in time and more targeted measures will be introduced as the situation changes."

On April 22, in the evening, the lights were on. Xi ‘an Datang City Pedestrian Street, General Secretary of the Supreme Leader who is visiting Xi ‘an, came here to learn about the recovery of the "night economy" on the spot.

The general secretary stressed that under the premise of scientific prevention and control of the epidemic, all kinds of shopping malls and markets should be promoted in an orderly manner and efforts should be made to restore normal life order.

On the eve of the two sessions of the National People’s Congress, General Secretary of the Supreme Leader opened the sixth local inspection tour since the COVID-19 epidemic, encouraging Shanxi to strive to overcome the adverse impact of the epidemic and make greater strides in high-quality transformation and development.

It is a kind of ability and a kind of determination to put it back and forth freely and advance and retreat.

Zhang Boli answered a reporter’s question at the press conference held in Wuhan, Hubei Province (photo taken on March 23rd). Xinhua News Agency reporter Chen Yuhua photo

General Secretary of the Supreme Leader has repeatedly stressed: "We must strengthen our confidence and not be intimidated by problems and difficulties." "China is a big country with strong resilience, great potential and great room for manoeuvre."

Some foreign netizens feel that in the face of an unprecedented epidemic, with a population of 1.4 billion, water, electricity, heating, communication, supplies and social order, China has done it!

"Danger and opportunity always coexist, and overcoming danger is opportunity." Facing the market turmoil caused by the development of overseas epidemic and the serious impact on international economic and trade activities, the Supreme Leader General Secretary firmly declared China’s determination to maintain the openness, stability and security of the global industrial chain supply chain, and actively encouraged domestic enterprises to seize the opportunity of scientific and technological innovation and industrial upgrading.

Strong and orderly because of the time and the situation. Thousands of troops, if the command is determined.

The resumption of major investment projects has been accelerated, and the scale of migrant workers has been restored to about 90% of previous years. The "cloud service" and "cloud economy" have blossomed brilliantly … China’s economy and society have accurately recognized changes, responded scientifically, and actively sought changes, and difficulties have been quickly overcome, giving birth to new hopes in the vast land.

At 0: 00 on April 8, after 76 days of "closing the city", the heroic Wuhan was officially restarted.

On this landmark day, Standing Committee of the Political Bureau of the Communist Party of China Central Committee held a meeting, and the Supreme Leader General Secretary emphasized that it is necessary to accelerate the comprehensive recovery of production and living order in the prevention and control of normalized epidemic situation, solve the difficulties and problems faced by the resumption of work and production, strive to minimize the losses caused by the epidemic situation, and ensure the realization of the goals and tasks of building a well-off society in an all-round way and fighting poverty.

On April 17th, China released the economic data for the first quarter of 2020. Affected by the epidemic, the GDP in the first quarter decreased by 6.8% year-on-year. Since March, the main economic indicators have improved month by month, and the industrial added value and export growth rate turned from negative to positive in April. The epidemic has given birth to the rapid growth of new industries and formats, and China’s economy has shown great resilience.

On the same day, the Supreme Leader General Secretary presided over the Politburo meeting of the Chinese Communist Party. The meeting pointed out that the current economic development is facing unprecedented challenges, and it is necessary to fully estimate the difficulties, risks and uncertainties, earnestly enhance the sense of urgency, and grasp the work of economic and social development.

On April 29, the news that the two national conferences will be held came. The convening of this world-renowned grand meeting under the special background of normalization of epidemic prevention and control in COVID-19 fully shows that the CPC Central Committee with the Supreme Leader as the core is steadily steering the great ship China to break the waves.

In Hankou Pharmacy, Huangshi Road, Jiang ‘an District, Wuhan City, Feng Feng, a grid member of Huimin Garden Community, hangs the medicine purchased for residents (photo taken on February 24). Xinhua news agency

Work together to fight the epidemic, share the same fate, and show China’s responsibility

"Human beings are a community of destiny. Unity and cooperation are the most powerful weapons to overcome epidemics that affect the safety of people in all countries. " -supreme leader

"Our war against the epidemic has ushered in the dawn of victory, but the situation overseas is deteriorating sharply." On the evening of March 12th, Wang Guo, a university teacher in Wuhan, kept a diary, adding another layer of worries-how are the students and friends from Thailand and Singapore who donated masks to the school?

With this in mind, he wrote with deep feelings: "Before the epidemic, there is no difference between’ us’ and’ them’, and people in every country are’ us’."

The whole world is as cool and hot as this. On the night when Wang Guo read and wrote these words, the Chairman of the Supreme Leader made an overseas call with UN Secretary-General Guterres:

"The occurrence of the COVID-19 epidemic once again shows that human beings are a community of shared destiny." "The international community must establish a sense of community of human destiny, look after each other and help each other, work together to meet risk challenges and build a beautiful home on earth."

The fortunes of mankind depend on each other. As early as the beginning of the outbreak, China put itself into the world frame of reference and shouldered the responsibility of a big country.

On January 12th, the World Health Organization announced that it had received the virus gene sequence information shared by China, which was published in the global influenza sharing database and shared by all countries.

"The epidemic is the devil, and we can’t let the devil hide." The words of the Supreme Leader’s Chairman are sonorous, conveying a frank attitude towards China and showing the fearless responsibility of China.

WHO Director-General Tan Desai said that China identified pathogens in a record short time and took the initiative to share the virus gene sequence with the international community in time.

China’s fight against the epidemic is also a fight for the world.

The Chairman of the Supreme Leader repeatedly said: "China upholds the concept of a community of human destiny, and is responsible for the safety and health of its own people, as well as the global public health cause."

After the outbreak, the Chairman of the Supreme Leader met with foreign leaders and heads of international organizations for four times, and made 51 calls. He sent messages of condolences to leaders of more than 10 countries and heads of regional organizations such as the European Union, and also exchanged letters with the Argentine President, replying to Bill Gates and Utah primary school students in the United States, introducing the key measures taken by the people of China to prevent and control the epidemic, thanking the international community for its support and help to China, expressing China’s positive will to provide assistance to all countries within its capacity, and joining hands with the international community.

Those who love others will always love them. At the most critical moment of the war in China, the international community expressed its warmth and goodwill and stood with the people of China.

More than 70 countries and international organizations have provided materials and other assistance to the people of China in their fight against the epidemic. Leaders of more than 170 countries, heads of more than 50 international and regional organizations and more than 300 foreign political parties and organizations expressed their condolences and support to China.

"A friend in need is a friend indeed!" Cambodian Prime Minister Hun Sen, Mongolian President Battulga and Pakistani President Alwi visited China successively. The Chairman of the Supreme Leader thanked them for their sincere and firm support.

The people of China will always remember that Russia, Belarus and other countries sent special planes to deliver urgently needed medical supplies to Wuhan at the first time; British and German chartered planes flying to Wuhan were loaded with medical supplies. Equatorial Guinea, an underdeveloped country that has been receiving aid for a long time, donated $2 million to China; Mongolia donated 30,000 sheep to China; Pakistan sent almost all its masks …

The people of China will never forget that the Chinese national anthem sounded in the Japanese Songshan Ballet, and millions of Sri Lankan people chanted prayers for the people of China. The beautiful poem "Mountains and rivers are exotic, and the moon is the same" crossed the ocean with love donations …

As Ban Ki-moon, former Secretary-General of the United Nations and chairman of Boao Forum for Asia, said, history bears in mind not only Socialism with Chinese characteristics’s institutional advantages, but also the joint responsibility of all countries in coping with the crisis.

COVID-19 epidemic is the common enemy of mankind. It took 67 days from reporting the first case to reporting the first 100,000 cases; It takes 11 days to report the second 100,000 cases; It took only four days to report the third 100,000 cases … Up to now, there have been more than 4.4 million confirmed cases worldwide!

China feels the same way when countries are hit hard by the epidemic.

Letters of condolence from the Chairman of the Supreme Leader were sent to the heads of state and government of Italy, Iran, South Korea, Spain, Serbia, Germany, France and other countries, as well as the heads of the European Council and the European Commission.

The valuable experience gained by the people of China in fighting the epidemic has been transmitted to five continents without reservation through a series of press conferences of the joint prevention and control mechanism in the State Council, press conferences of all provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities and video communication meetings of medical experts.

At 21: 00 local time on March 21st, Belgrade International Airport, Serbia. China’s anti-epidemic medical expert group assisting Serbia arrived by special plane, and at the same time, it brought the anti-epidemic materials urgently raised by the China government.

Standing by the gangway, Serbian President Vucic warmly welcomed the experts from China in a special way of touching elbows one by one, and gave a deep kiss on the five-star red flag to express his deep gratitude.

Russian President Vladimir Putin said on the phone with the Chairman of the Supreme Leader that China has set a good example for the international community by extending a helping hand to countries affected by the epidemic in time.

-Share epidemic prevention and treatment plans with 180 countries and more than 10 international and regional organizations around the world, and hold video exchange meetings on epidemic prevention and control with more than 160 countries and international organizations;

-More than 20 medical expert groups have been sent to provide much-needed anti-epidemic material assistance to more than 150 countries and international organizations;

-Donate US$ 50 million to WHO and make every effort to facilitate other countries to purchase medical protection materials in China.

Do your best and give generously.

A sanitation worker works in the snow at Hankou Railway Station in Wuhan (photo taken on February 15). Xinhua News Agency reporter Cai Yang photo

Hassan Ahmadian, assistant professor of Middle East and North Africa Institute of Teheran University, said that China’s aid not only embodies the humanitarian spirit, but also is a responsible act of a big country.

The epidemic is both a big war and a big test. This is true for China and the world as well.

Volunteers Li Wenjian, Zhu Wei, Wang Ziyi, Wang Zhen and Yang Xuebin (from left to right) cheered for Wuhan (photo taken on February 29th). This volunteer team is responsible for transporting pregnant women who lack transportation to the hospital and become "ferrymen" of new life. Xinhua News Agency reporter Xiao Yijiu photo

The Chairman of the Supreme Leader profoundly pointed out: "The epidemic has spread in a wide range, at a high speed, and has had a great impact for a hundred years."

In view of the new situation and new problems of the increase of confirmed cases imported from abroad and the increase of asymptomatic infected persons, the General Secretary of the Supreme Leader, on the one hand, deployed to strengthen the care for overseas China citizens, on the other hand, timely switched the focus of epidemic prevention and control work to "import from outside and rebound from inside".

From strict customs quarantine enforcement to precise flight risk prevention and control, from implementing closed-loop management of entry personnel to intensifying screening of asymptomatic infected persons, from taking back China citizens from countries with severe epidemic to deploying "health packages" to countries with concentrated overseas students in China … A series of measures have effectively consolidated the hard-won achievements of the war "epidemic" and continued to defend the eastern defense line for the world war "epidemic".

In the face of a rare epidemic in a hundred years, where should mankind go? What kind of mission do countries shoulder?

On the evening of March 26th, the East Hall of the Great Hall of the People.

Images of leaders of various countries and heads of international organizations were uploaded on the huge TV wall. The leaders of the G20 held a special summit on COVID-19 by video conference for the first time in Riyadh, Moscow, Washington, Berlin and Brasilia.

"Resolutely fight a global war to prevent and control the COVID-19 epidemic", "effectively carry out international joint prevention and control", "actively support international organizations to play their role" and "strengthen international macroeconomic policy coordination"-Based on the practice in China, Chairman Supreme Leader put forward a four-point China initiative on comprehensively strengthening international cooperation and rallying strong joint efforts to overcome the epidemic.

"The public health crisis is a common challenge faced by mankind, and unity and cooperation are the most powerful weapons" … China’s voice won wider recognition and resonance in the face of the big exam of all mankind.

This is Zhang Dingyu, president of Wuhan Jinyintan Hospital (photo taken on January 29th). Xinhua News Agency reporter Xiao Yijiu photo

For the people, relying on the people, the Chinese nation has written an indelible heroic epic with great power.

"The Chinese nation has experienced many hardships in its history, but it has never been crushed. Instead, it has become more and more frustrated, constantly growing in hardships and rising from hardships." -supreme leader

"When the sea flows, you will show your true colors as a hero." General Secretary of the Supreme Leader quoted this sentence more than once when inspecting the epidemic prevention and control work in COVID-19.

"You really saved lives and loved the world." On March 10th, in the command center of Wuhan Huoshenshan Hospital, the General Secretary of the Supreme Leader connected with the representatives of medical staff working in the ward by video. "You are messengers of light, messengers of hope, the most beautiful angels and real heroes! The party and the people thank you! "

In the tongji hospital Sino-French New Town Campus affiliated to Huazhong University of Science and Technology, medical staff escorted a critically ill patient from COVID-19 who had just finished CT examination to get on the negative pressure ambulance (photo taken on March 6, drone photo). Xinhua News Agency reporter Cai Yang photo

The war "epidemic" was extremely tragic, and they defended their lives with their lives:

Liu Zhiming, the president of Wuchang Hospital, stayed in the intensive care unit until he was admitted to the intensive care unit. What he never forgot was how much patients received and whether the prevention and control of infection reached the standard. In order not to infect others, he told his colleagues "Don’t intubate me" …

Yin and Yang are separated forever, and the wife who is also treating the patient hears the news and can only chase the car of the funeral home and cry the name of her beloved over and over again …

Immediately after the outbreak, Wu Yaling, a member of the Hubei medical team who participated in Wenchuan earthquake relief and aided Africa in fighting Ebola virus, did not hesitate to submit an invitation letter and went to Vulcan Mountain Hospital.

Mother died suddenly. When the bad news came, she just wept silently, bowed deeply in the direction of home, and then returned to the patient.

There are too many tears to dry; There are too many brave, engraved on the hidden face.

84-year-old Zhong Nanshan crowded into the high-speed dining car and rushed to Wuhan.

This is an exclusive interview with Xinhua News Agency reporter by Zhong Nanshan in Guangzhou (photo taken on January 28th). Xinhua News Agency reporter Liu Dawei photo

The 73-year-old Li Lanjuan only sleeps for 3 hours every day. "I will not retreat if the epidemic does not retreat."

The 72-year-old Zhang Boli went to work on the third day after cholecystectomy. He only said: "My liver and gallbladder are in harmony, and I left my gallbladder here."

"I am deeply moved by the noble spirit of the vast number of medical staff who are selfless and forget their lives." The words of the Supreme Leader General Secretary are from the heart.

On April 4th, people observed a moment of silence in the mourning activities at the Yiyuan Square in Jiangtan, Hankou, Wuhan. On the same day, a mourning event was held in Wuhan to express deep condolences to the martyrs and deceased compatriots who died in the fight against the COVID-19 epidemic. Xinhua News Agency reporter Xiao Yijiu photo

Those handprints pressed on the invitation letter on New Year’s Eve, the scars branded on the cheeks by masks, the sweat-soaked backs under protective clothing, and the secretly written and quietly hidden suicide notes … all remain in the memory of the motherland and the people.

"You are all wearing protective clothing and masks. I can’t see your true faces. However, you are all the cutest people in my mind! " The words of the Supreme Leader’s General Secretary inspired the soldiers in white.

Courage and sacrifice are hard to count in this war; Ordinary and great, incisively and vividly in this big exam.

On March 10th, the Party and Mass Service Center of Donghu New Town Community in Wuhan pulled up a folding chair, and the General Secretary of the Supreme Leader sat down and had a face-to-face cordial conversation with community workers, grassroots police, doctors in health service stations, sinking cadres and volunteers.

The general secretary said: "Everyone worked tirelessly and silently day and night to serve the masses, and made important contributions to curbing the spread of the epidemic and ensuring people’s lives, showing the spirit of Wuhan party member and cadres who are not afraid of sacrifice, have the courage to take responsibility, take care of the overall situation and are willing to contribute."

"If we don’t sleep, the city won’t lose."

On the day and night of Wuhan’s "city closure", there are party member and cadres charging in front, police officers on duty day and night, community grid workers on call, sanitation workers cleaning at designated points, and volunteers’ love relay … These unknown people are guarding the lights and propping up the lifeline of a city.

March 10th, East Lake New Town Community, Wuhan. Residents who have been quarantined at home for 48 days saw the arrival of the General Secretary and leaned out from balconies and windows to pay their respects. Some waved national flags and shouted, "Come on, China! Come on, Wuhan! "

"Let’s cheer together and stick to it!" This scene has been viewed hundreds of millions of times, and the voice of the general secretary echoes with the voice of the people. "The party and the people thank the people of Wuhan."

The people, in the heart of the supreme leader general secretary, are heavy. Thanks to the people again and again, it shows the childlike feelings of "people first", and it is also the magic weapon to win the national war against "epidemic".

Drosten, a German virologist, said that we really need to learn from China and thank the China government and the people of China who are dedicated and collectivist.

Zhang Dingyu, president of Wuhan Jinyintan Hospital, shed tears at the moment when the news of lifting the "closed city" in Wuhan came.

When the disaster came, he didn’t take care of his worsening frostbite, and he didn’t have time to look after his wife who was diagnosed with COVID-19.

When the storm receded, what he remembered most were the lives that had fought tenaciously against the disease, the volunteers who shuttled patients and samples, the patients who came to donate blood after recovery, and the "isolated virus does not isolate love" that kept flashing on the mobile phone …

Today, the praise of the Supreme Leader General Secretary comforts the scars of life and warms the land of Jingchu: "The people of Wuhan have demonstrated the strength of China and the spirit of China with their own practical actions, highlighting the feelings of the Chinese nation in the same boat and helping each other."

The disaster will eventually pass, and the feelings will remain in my heart.

Reporters who went deep into the "red zone" could not forget it, and doctors who fought all night cried and said, "I’m sorry, I tried my best"; The patients in Fangcang Hospital can’t forget it. Some people even lost their loved ones, and they still shed tears to cheer for everyone. Hundreds of millions of netizens can’t forget that critically ill patients used up their last strength and wrote "My body donated to the country" …

The party and the country can’t forget that 1.4 billion people, regardless of age or occupation, chose to defend their country and give up their homes for the country, and turned "impossible" into "sure" with the overwhelming power.

In the anti-epidemic group portrait published by Time magazine in the United States, the hands of Beijing takeaway rider Gao Zhixiao are particularly eye-catching. This 32-year-old young man rides more than 100 kilometers every day, and delivers 60 or 70 bills at most. One hand sends out not only the urgent needs of many families, but also the hope of a country carrying heavy burdens.

"The people are the real heroes." General Secretary of the Supreme Leader praised with deep affection. The people are the source of strength for this country to continue to write miracles and move towards victory.

As the General Secretary of the Supreme Leader said: "The Chinese nation has experienced many hardships in its history, but it has never been crushed. Instead, it has become more and more frustrated, constantly growing and rising from hardships."

Growing up in tribulation and rising from tribulation-this spirit is contained in the hardships of fighting foreign aggression for independence and liberation, honed in the struggle of socialist construction and unremitting exploration of reform and opening up, and also shines in the tempering of fighting SARS, earthquake relief and fighting COVID-19 epidemic.

At 0: 00 on April 8.

Wen Rui, a lighting maintenance worker in wuhan yangtze river bridge, once again walked out of the board room under the bridge and watched the bridge lights he had guarded for more than 70 days.

Poster: COVID-19 patients in Wuhan hospital are cleared. Prepared by Xinhua News Agency reporter Chen Congying

The words "Wuhan restarts, not to bear the spring" light up on time, and the light show "Hero City, Hero People" lights up the night sky of three towns in Wuhan.

At the same time, at the intersection of Wuhan West Expressway, with the first passenger car leaving, railways, civil aviation, water transport and highways resumed operation.

The bells of Jianghan Pass spread to all directions. In front of the square, between buildings, in the live video, and in the circle of WeChat friends, "Wuhan will win!" Long live the motherland!’ Welcome a brand-new day with this city.

In a corner of the city, a clear cry rises in the delivery room of Hubei Maternal and Child Health Hospital, which is the 5108th new life born in this hospital since the city was closed.

"People are in the city, and they are endless!"

It took more than one month to initially curb the spread of the epidemic, about two months to control the daily new cases in the local area within single digits, and about three months to achieve decisive results in the defense of Wuhan and Hubei. For a big country with a population of 1.4 billion, such achievements are hard to come by!

The majestic Yellow Crane Tower witnessed the unyielding struggle of a city; The surging waters of the Yangtze River are surging with the surging blood of a nation.

Never forget your initial intention, never forget your mission, and achieve historical progress in the history exam.

"This epidemic is a big test of China’s governance system and ability. We must sum up experience and learn lessons." -supreme leader

The memory of Tomb-Sweeping Day in the year of Gengzi is unforgettable.

At 10 o’clock on April 4, 2020. In front of Huairentang, Zhongnanhai, the supreme leader and other party and state leaders stood in silence wearing white flowers and looking dignified. Together with the 1.4 billion people of China, they deeply mourned the martyrs and compatriots who died in the COVID-19 epidemic.

In 3 minutes and 180 seconds, the alarm rang through the north and south of the great river, inside and outside the Great Wall, and the country sent off the sacrificed heroes with the highest memorial ceremony and mourned the compatriots who died of illness.

The COVID-19 epidemic has infected more than 80,000 people and killed more than 4,600 people.

The General Secretary of the Supreme Leader profoundly pointed out: "This epidemic is a big test of China’s governance system and ability. We must sum up experience and learn lessons."

Facing the big exam, the Communist Party of China (CPC)’s political nature is moving.

On March 2nd, a special swearing-in ceremony was held in Guangzhou and Wuhan.

Through the video, Academician Zhong Nanshan, who has been a party member for 55 years, said to Li Yingxian, a frontline nurse who joined the party in FireWire: "Now is the time when Communist party member needs to stand up. I have seen greatness in your ordinary work."

Rush up at the critical moment and get out at the critical moment. In the face of this big test of life and death, a total of 440 thousand people across the country submitted applications for joining the party.

On the front line of anti-epidemic, a total of 244 thousand temporary party organizations have been established; 396 party member and cadres were killed (sacrificed) in the line of duty.

The clank oath of "ready to sacrifice everything for the party and people" resounded through China, and bright red party flag fluttered high in the front line of fighting the epidemic.

Facing the big exam, Socialism with Chinese characteristics’s institutional advantages are more prominent.

At the command, thousands of miles rushed to help; Unified scheduling and coordinated promotion; As General Secretary of the Supreme Leader pointed out: "The fundamental reason why China’s epidemic prevention and control and resumption of work and production can be vigorously promoted is that the leadership of the party and the advantages of China’s socialist system have played an unparalleled and important role."

In the face of the big exam, the majestic power of concentric up and down is unstoppable.

In the reply to the students of Tibet University Medical College who were internship in Shougang Hospital, General Secretary of the Supreme Leader encouraged them to follow the example of angels in white in the "epidemic" and strive to be good doctors trusted by the party and the people. With a strong heart, when replying to all the post-90s party member of Peking University Aid Hubei Medical Team, the General Secretary of the Supreme Leader encouraged the vast number of young people not to be afraid of the wind and rain, to shoulder heavy burdens bravely, and to let youth bloom in the places where the party and the people need it most; Always miss, in the reply to all community workers in Donghu New Town Community of Wuhan, the General Secretary of the Supreme Leader has high hopes, hoping that they will make new contributions to completely winning the people’s war, overall war and blocking war against the epidemic.

On the eve of May 1st International Labor Day, I wrote back to encourage the working people. On the occasion of May 4th Youth Day, I sent a message to the young people in the new era. On the occasion of the International Nurses’ Day, I extended my holiday congratulations and sincere condolences to the nurses all over the country … The cordial concern of the Supreme Leader General Secretary inspired people and inspired their fighting spirit.

There is a little light, a little light, and a force. The 1.4 billion people, with the great love of their home country and the national justice of "striving for one place", have opened a safe mode for the whole people to fight the epidemic.

The big exam is like a mirror, which shows advantages and exposes shortcomings.

In January 2018, at the opening ceremony of the seminar on studying and implementing the spirit of the 19th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, the General Secretary of the Supreme Leader listed 16 specific risks in eight aspects, and explicitly mentioned: "Major infectious diseases like SARS should always be vigilant and strictly guarded."

In January, 2019, at the seminar where leading cadres at the provincial and ministerial levels insisted on the bottom line thinking and focused on preventing and resolving major risks, the General Secretary of the Supreme Leader pointed out that in the face of the turbulent international situation, complex and sensitive surrounding environment and arduous and arduous tasks of reform, development and stability, we must always be highly vigilant, not only against the "black swan" incident, but also against the "grey rhinoceros" incident.

The sober judgment of the CPC Central Committee is by no means alarmist. At the key node of building a well-off society in an all-round way and fighting poverty, the epidemic situation in COVID-19 has sounded the alarm.

Hospital bed reserves are insufficient, primary medical care is obviously weak, the distribution of donated materials is not smooth, and the prevention and control notices are inconsistent … In the voice of doubt, China’s shortcomings in major epidemic prevention and control system and public health emergency management system need to be filled.

Some are afraid to take responsibility, unwilling to take responsibility, some are confused and have no ideas in their work, and some are still engaged in formalism and bureaucracy … In the fight against the epidemic, the problem that a few cadres are difficult to stand the test and lack of working ability is very prominent.

General Secretary of the Supreme Leader pointed out: "After every disaster, we should become smarter."

Summing up experience and lessons in the war "epidemic" and focusing on long-term stability is the proper meaning of promoting the modernization of the national governance system and governance capacity.

General Secretary of the Supreme Leader clearly pointed out from a strategic and overall perspective that in view of the shortcomings and deficiencies exposed by this epidemic, we should pay close attention to filling shortcomings, plugging loopholes, strong and weak items, persisting in this, perfecting this perfection, establishing this establishment, implementing this implementation, perfecting the system and mechanism of major epidemic prevention and control, and improving the national public health emergency management system.

"The construction of dikes and seawalls and the construction of earthquake-resistant houses should prepare for the once-in-a-century disaster. The investment in public health is also rather prepared than used, not available and not prepared. "

Insist on planning ahead and thinking at the bottom line, General Secretary of the Supreme Leader stressed that it is necessary to strengthen strategic planning and forward-looking layout, adhere to the combination of peacetime and wartime, improve the system and mechanism of major epidemic prevention and control, improve the public health emergency management system, push the work force to sink to the front line, optimize the production capacity layout and guarantee of important emergency materials, and ensure that major risks in the public health field are discovered, warned early and handled well.

Be prepared, for the country. General Secretary of the Supreme Leader further pointed out that we should always be cautious in treading on thin ice and keen to see Ye Zhiqiu. We should not only be highly vigilant and guard against major risks in our own areas, but also pay close attention to major risks in the overall situation.

Focus on the fundamentals and plan for the long term. General Secretary of the Supreme Leader profoundly pointed out: "Man and nature should live in harmony, and once human activities exceed the natural carrying capacity, they will be retaliated." Practicing the concept of green development is not only related to the sustainable development of economy and society, but also to the harmonious coexistence between man and nature.

Those who observe the situation are wise, and those who follow the trend are wise. In the face of this major global crisis and the common war of all mankind, the voice of the Supreme Leader General Secretary is firm and powerful: "Only with the joint efforts of all mankind can we win the war."

Strive for Corning in the world and China!

General Secretary of the Supreme Leader’s earnest warning is still in my ears:

"Today’s world is experiencing a great change that has never happened in a century. China is in a critical period to realize the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation. Our party is leading the people in a great struggle with many new historical characteristics. The situation and environment are changing rapidly, the tasks of reform, development and stability are heavy, contradictions and risks are challenging, and the test of our party’s governance is unprecedented."

"The more severe and complicated the development environment, the more we must unswervingly deepen reform, improve all aspects of the system, improve the governance system, promote the better transformation and integration of system construction and governance efficiency, and be good at using institutional advantages to cope with the impact of risk challenges."

At the meeting held in The Politburo Standing Committee (PSC) on May 14th, General Secretary of the Supreme Leader pointed out that the current situation of epidemic prevention and control in China is generally good, while the situation of epidemic abroad is severe and complicated, and the task of preventing epidemic rebound in China is still arduous. We must resolutely overcome paralysis, war-weariness, luck, and relaxation, and continue to pay close attention to the work of external defense input and internal defense rebound. We must never let the hard-won achievements in epidemic prevention and control be wasted, ensure the completion of the decisive battle to get rid of poverty, and build a well-off society in an all-round way.

Summing up the experience and lessons from the great war and drawing wisdom from the big exam, the Chinese nation will certainly be able to turn danger into opportunity and move forward rain or shine! (Reporter: Zhao Cheng, Huo Xiaoguang, Zhang Xudong, Wu Jing, Chen Fang, Zhao Chao, Liu Hua, An Bei, Lin Hui, Zhu Jichai, Jianqiang Liang)

　　[Global News reporter Zhu Mengying] A number of foreign media just reported that the Elysee Palace announced on the 3rd that Prime Minister Philippe and his government had resigned collectively, and President Macron accepted his resignation request.

　　Agence France-Presse said that the brief statement of the Elysee Palace did not give reasons for resignation, but said that the current government will continue to handle "daily affairs" until a new government is formed.

　　The report mentioned that it was widely expected that the French cabinet would be reorganized after Macron vowed to improve the policy in the last two years of his term. In addition, Philip is currently running for mayor of le havre.

　　Caste is a slightly taboo topic in India. If you talk to Indians about the topic of caste, many people will reply that the caste system has died, but some Indian scholars believe that the caste system can be said to be the core of Indian society to some extent. Today, Indians’ identity cards do not indicate their caste class, but in life, Indians have a set of "skills" to distinguish caste.

　　It’s not reliable to judge a person by his appearance.

　　There are four castes in India: Brahman, Khrushchev, Vedas and sudra, which are arranged from high to low, and some people’s castes belong to the untouchable class, which is called Da Park Jung Su. Tracing back to the source, castes were originally distinguished according to people’s skin color and occupation, and the whiter ones were the superior Aryans, which were high castes; Dark-skinned people are generally inferior or Dravidian, belonging to low caste. The priests and monks are Brahmins, the kings and warriors are Khrushchev, the merchants and craftsmen are Vedas, the peasants and laborers who serve the above three classes are sudra, and da Park Jung Su is engaged in dealing with unclean things such as feces and corpses. However, this was thousands of years ago. With the development and change of society, the division of labor has become more detailed, the migration of people has become more frequent, and the intermarriage between castes has gradually increased, resulting in thousands of sub-castes, such as grazing caste, brewing caste, oil-extracting caste and so on.

　　Nowadays, it is not reliable to judge the caste of Indians only by their skin color or occupation. For example, Modi, the current Prime Minister of India, is relatively fair-skinned among Indians, and he is the head of state. How can he be a Brahman or a Khrushchev class? Wrong! Modi was born in the sub-caste of "Ganqi" in Gujarat, and was an absolute low-caste disadvantaged group. There is a famous Indian singer named Hans Raj Hans. He has a charming long curly hair with a slight golden color, and his skin is as white as that of a European. However, he is a da Park Jung Su.

　　The shoe in hand is Da Park Jung Su.

　　In terms of diet, generally speaking, high-caste people are more vegetarians, while low-caste people are more non-vegetarians. Wealthy Brahmins generally don’t eat and drink. Their diet tends to be light and fresh, and they like to eat fresh fruits and vegetables and grain at that time. The reporter once had lunch with the president of a famous university in India. This meal left a deep impression on the reporter, because it was completely different from the printed meal in the restaurant outside. The meal provided by this Brahmin family was very light and healthy, and even the curry tasted fresh rather than spicy, which can be said to be very in line with the standards of healthy meals in China. On the contrary, some poor families in Da Park Jung Su have a small amount of food and a heavy taste for economic reasons. In addition, among the people who drink alcohol in India, there are more people of low caste, which is probably related to their high-intensity manual labor and more social pressure.

　　In modern cities, it is difficult to distinguish Brahmins from Da Park Jung Su simply by their clothes. In some remote and backward villages or in the past, Da Park Jung Su was still discriminated against in dress. For example, da Park Jung Su was asked to carry a bag with him when he went out in ancient times. The purpose of this bag was to hold their own excrement, for fear that their excrement would pollute the land in the village. In addition, when Da Park Jung Su traveled during the day, he had to ring the bell in advance to remind people to avoid it, because according to the canon, even if people of high caste didn’t touch Da Park Jung Su, just seeing them was also a kind of pollution. Therefore, da Park Jung Su tends to wrap himself more in clothes and expose his face and body as little as possible.

　　Even today, in some villages, if you see someone walking or riding a bike with their shoes in their hands instead of on their feet, it must be Da Park Jung Su. Because according to the regulations, da Park Jung Su must be barefoot and not wear shoes when passing through the residential area of high caste people.

　　From people’s demeanor, we can also see the clues of some caste classes. People with high castes are generally more confident and will look you straight in the eye when they meet; Da Park Jung Su tends to feel inferior and shy, and his eyes twinkle and he looks around or stares at the ground. Take taking photos, for example. The reporter found that most Indians he met liked you to take photos of him/her. What impressed me deeply was that once when taking pictures in the park, some girls were very cheerful and generous, posing in various poses for you to take enough pictures; A woman hiding in a corner in shabby clothes pulled up her scarf to cover her face when the camera was aimed at her.

　　From people’s language and speech, we can’t absolutely tell the caste level, but there is also a problem of probability. People of high caste have a higher chance of receiving a good education and often speak fluent English; However, few people in Park Jung Su have the opportunity to receive a good education. Most of them can’t speak English and can only communicate in the local language.

　　"anonymity" dilutes caste traces

　　It is generally believed that the caste system is based on the teachings of Hinduism and exists only among Hindus who account for more than 80% of India’s population, including many Indians. However, after investigation, the reporter found that the caste system has penetrated into every corner of Indian society for thousands of years. Among Sikhs, Muslims and even Catholics in India, although their teachings advocate equality for all, caste differences and even caste discrimination still exist. An Indian Muslim answered this question very cleverly, saying that "Islam has no caste, but Indian Muslims do".

　　Generally speaking, knowing an Indian’s surname plus some other factors such as occupation, appearance, accent, etc., can basically judge his caste. However, it is not safe to infer caste from surnames. In India, there are also special cases in which Hindus with lower castes convert to other religions and even change their surnames. In the workplace, people will consciously dilute the traces of caste. Some people with relatively low castes like to take some small measures of "anonymity", such as calling themselves "Kumar". The reporter once called the Indian Ministry of Foreign Affairs to find a staff member Kumar. Laughter came from the other end of the phone and said, "There are more than a dozen Kumar in our office. Who do you want?"

Inventory is an unavoidable problem for e-commerce companies, and it is also the life door for e-commerce companies. Problems in supply chain management are often reflected in inventory, either too much inventory leads to slow sales or too little inventory leads to out of stock.

Inventory management, as its name implies, is to manage the quantity of goods. In general, we can divide it into sales inventory and warehouse inventory.

Sales inventory can also be called foreground inventory, which is the inventory quantity facing the user’s latitude.

Warehouse inventory, which can also be called background inventory, is the inventory quantity oriented to warehouse latitude.

Sales inventory and warehouse inventory, the specific details of which we will introduce in later articles.

The most important behaviors that affect warehouse inventory are warehousing and warehousing.

Warehousing refers to how many commodities have been added, such as purchase warehousing, return warehousing, transfer warehousing, production warehousing, inventory warehousing and other warehousing.

Issue refers to how many commodities have been reduced. Common issues include sales issue, purchase return issue, transfer issue, inventory loss issue and other issues.

In order to better explain the contents of goods in and out of the warehouse (inventory management), according to the process, we will first introduce the basic business in the warehouse, including location introduction, allocation business and inventory business.

In order to better manage the goods, warehouses are generally divided into one cargo space. In this way, every time the goods are put into storage, they will be associated with a location, and when the goods are put out of storage, the location of the goods will be associated with the sorting list, so that the warehouse staff can find the location of the goods quickly and efficiently when distributing the goods.

Here is a way to allocate the cargo space, which also provides an idea:

The above picture is a simple plan of the distribution area, which can be divided into several rows. Each row is named A, B, C, D, E, F, G and H, and each row has many shelves. Combined with the naming of each row, we name each shelf A01, A02, A03, A04, A05 and A06.

The above picture shows a simple shelf. This shelf is named A01, which can be divided into four floors. Each floor is named A01-1, A01-2, A01-3 and A01-4. For each cargo space, we name it A01-1-01, A01-1-02 and A01-1-03.

(1) List of cargo positions

The prototype is relatively simple, so I don’t need to describe it too much here. It is just a configuration page and a display list page, which contains the most basic information such as warehouse, location and status.

Transfer is mainly used to adjust the inventory quantity in the warehouse. Putting the right goods in the right warehouse/location can be divided into intra-warehouse transfer and inter-warehouse transfer.

Intra-warehouse transfer: it can also be called location inventory transfer, which is generally the adjustment of the internal inventory of the warehouse. For example, the goods are transferred from the goods with sufficient inventory to the goods with insufficient inventory, which is convenient for picking goods and managing the inventory of the goods.

Inter-warehouse transfer: it can also be called warehouse inventory transfer, which is generally the adjustment of inventory between warehouses. For example, goods are transferred from Hangzhou warehouse to Shanghai warehouse.

The flow of transfer business mainly revolves around the transfer of transfer documents, involving business personnel, transfer-out warehouse and transfer-in warehouse, from the creation of transfer documents by business personnel to the creation of transfer issue documents by transfer information transfer to transfer-out warehouse, and then to the creation of transfer receipt documents by transfer information transfer to transfer-in warehouse.

(1) business personnel, according to the actual demand to create a transfer form, and submit it for approval.

(2) Relevant personnel review the transfer form. If the review fails, they need to re-edit and submit it.

(3) Transfer out the warehouse, and create a transfer issue document according to the approved transfer document. Of course, the transfer issue document can also select one or several commodities in the transfer document according to the actual situation, and fill in the actual issue quantity.

(4) Transfer to the warehouse, create a transfer receipt document according to the transfer document and the issue document, and do the warehousing operation according to the actual situation.

(5) Expenses incurred in the process of financial settlement and allocation

(1) Transfer billing

Transfer billing is the first step of transfer business in the system. First, you need to select the most basic transfer-out warehouse and transfer-in warehouse, and then select the goods that need to be transferred, and the goods will reach sku latitude. The system will calculate the quantity of goods that can be transferred according to the rules (the specific calculation method of the quantity that can be transferred will be introduced later when we introduce the inventory details), maintain the actual quantity of goods transferred this time, and select the transfer-in location (the transfer-in location will read the location information of the corresponding warehouse according to the basic information).

(2) Transfer Sheet Management

All transfer documents are displayed here. Transfer documents need to be approved here before subsequent transfer-out and transfer-in operations can be carried out.

Status of transfer document:

• Being Edited: equivalent to the draft status, the transfer document can be modified and then submitted for approval.
• Canceled: the document is cancelled, which means the document has been voided.
• Pending approval: the transfer application has been submitted, but it has not been approved.
• Approved: the transfer application has passed, and you can issue it.
• Pending issue: the transfer issue document has been generated, but it has not been approved.
• Partial issue: some goods in the transfer document have been issued.
• Issued: all goods in the transfer document have been issued.
• Pending receipt: the transfer receipt document has been generated, but it has not been approved.
• Partial receipt: some goods in the transfer document have been received.
• Completed: all the goods in the transfer document have been received.

Inventory refers to the total or partial inventory of the physical inventory in the warehouse, so as to truly grasp the goods status during the period, and thus improve and strengthen management.

General invoicing systems provide strict warehousing management, so theoretically, the inventory quantity of the system is consistent with the actual inventory quantity of the warehouse. However, in actual operation, it is inevitable that there will be mistakes and omissions in delivery, or that the process will not be followed. At this time, there will be a mismatch between the theoretical inventory and the actual inventory in the warehouse.

After counting, if the actual inventory data is inconsistent with the theoretical inventory data, an inventory gain receipt document and an inventory loss issue document will be automatically generated to adjust the inventory quantity. Regular inventory not only ensures the accuracy of inventory data, avoids oversold and other phenomena, but also can grasp the problems in inventory operation in time.

Regular inventory not only ensures the accuracy of inventory data, but also can grasp the problems in inventory operation in time and avoid oversold. After counting, if the inventory data are inconsistent, an inventory profit and loss sheet will be generated. The seller can check the inventory changes in the inventory management interface or check the inventory ledger to check what links caused the inventory inaccuracy.

The business mainly focuses on the circulation of inventory sheets, starting from the creation of inventory sheets by business parties, entering inventory, and automatically generating inventory gain receipt documents and inventory loss issue documents to correct the inventory after the inventory is completed.

(1) business personnel, according to the actual demand to create inventory list, and submit it for review.

(2) Relevant personnel shall review the inventory list. If the review fails, it needs to be re-edited and submitted.

(3) the warehouse personnel, according to the inventory list for inventory entry of goods, enter the actual inventory quantity.

(4) According to the comparison between the counting quantity and the inventory quantity, an inventory gain receipt document and an inventory loss issue document are generated.

(5) Relevant personnel review the inventory gain receipt document and inventory loss issue document (if the inventory document personnel are the reviewers, they can be directly approved by default), so as to correct the inventory.

(1) Inventory billing

Inventory billing is the first step of inventory operation, and our inventory process starts here. Inventory billing is mainly used to select inventory warehouse, inventory goods and other information. After clicking Save/Submit for approval, inventory sheets can be generated, and the generated inventory documents can be displayed in the inventory sheet management interface.

(2) Inventory sheet management

It is mainly used to query and manage the inventory list, where we can review the inventory list, enter the inventory and other operations.

Inventory sheet status:

• Being Edited: equivalent to the draft status, the inventory list can be modified and then submitted for approval.
• Canceled: the document is cancelled, which means the document has been voided.
• Pending approval: the inventory application has been submitted, but it has not been approved.
• To be counted: the counting application has been approved, but it has not been entered yet. You can enter the counting sheet.
• Completed: the inventory entry is completed and the inventory is finished.

(3) Inventory entry

This is mainly used to enter the real quantity of goods in the inventory list. After the inventory is completed, the business personnel fill in the actual inventory quantity. After saving, the inventory entry process is completed, and the system will follow the new and original inventory data. If the input quantity is inconsistent with the inventory quantity, the system will automatically generate an inventory gain receipt document and an inventory loss issue document.

This paper mainly introduces the basic business in the warehouse, including location introduction, transfer business and inventory counting business. The following articles will introduce the warehousing management and warehousing management that directly affect inventory data. Finally, the details of sales inventory for user latitude and warehouse inventory for warehouse latitude will be introduced as a whole. Welcome all interested parties to communicate together.

E-commerce back-office system: account management in the management back-office (1)

E-commerce background system: managing the security, menu and notification management of background articles (2)

E-commerce back-office system: management of back-office procurement management (executive layer)

　

Author: Nonsense, WeChat WeChat official account: dianshanghoutai.

This article was originally published by @ nonsense. Everyone is a product manager. Reprinting is prohibited without permission.